Jamiyat

FEDERASIYaI UMUMIJAHONII ITTIFOQHOI KASABA (FUIK), soli 1945 tasis yoft. Ziyoda az 70 markazi ittifoqhoi kasabai millii mamlakatho (az jumla SSSR va digar mamlakathoi sosialisti) -ro bo shumorai umumii ziyoda az 190 mln nafar azo (apreli 1978) muttahid menamoyad. J. «Vsemirnoe profsoyuznoe dvijenie» («Harakati umumijahonii ittifoqhoi kasaba»)-ro nashr mekunad. Raisi FUIK …

FARGONAGIHO, nomi khalqiyati qadimi eronizaboni viloyati tarikhii Fargona, ajdodi bevositai tojikon. Tarikhi tashakkuli Fargona ba yakchand marhala taqsim meshavad. Marhalai avvali on ba davrai okhiri asri birinji root meoyad. Qabilahoi qadimi vodii Fargona dar okhiri hazorai 2— avvali hazorai 1 to melod ba dehqoniyu chorvodori mashgul budand. Boshishgohi madaniyati Chust …

FARIShTA ( malak, surush), muvofiqi tasavvuroti asotiri va dinhoi yahudi, masehiyat va islom mavjudoti favquttabiii mujarradro guyand, ki guyo dar olami «Malakut» maskun buda, amri khudoro ba jo meovardaand. Muvofiqi talimoti islom Farishtaho az otash ba vujud omadaand. Farishtaho shajarai muayyan doshta, az rui vazifahoyashoya ba guruhho taqsim meshudaand. Farishtahoi …

FARMON, 1) dasturi rohbari organi idorakunii davlatiro guyand; 2) dar quvvahoi musallah dasturi khatti yo shifohii sardor ba tobeonash ast, ki baroi okhiriho qonun meboshad.

FABRIKA (lotini fabrica — ustokhona), korkhonai sanoatiero guyand, ki ba istifodai silsilai moshinho asos yoftaast: shakli istehsoloti kaloni moshinist. Dar iqtisodiyot mafhumhoi «fabrika» va «zavod» hammanoand. Odatan korkhonai sohahoi sanoati sabuk va istikhrojro fabrika guyand (fabrikahoi bofandagi, istikhroj va gayra).

USULI HIJOI yake az rohhoi savodomuzii qadimist. Ba shogirdon avval harfhoro bo nomhoyashon yod doda, bad ba hijokhoni meguzashtand, masalan, ba, ti, bi kha. Bad omuzgoron kalimahoero meomuaznidand, ki hijohoi dokhili on ba shogirdon shinos budand. Bazan savodomuziro az harfhoi sadonok sar karda, bad ba harfhoi hamsado meguzashtand: masalan, ba, …

UTOPIYa (az yunoni u— nest, topos— joy, jon nabuda, khayoli, afsonavi), tasviri sokhti jamiyati idealiero guyand, ki mislu monandash dar hej joy dida nameshavad; hamai asarhoero nomand, ki dar onho barnomai gayrivoqeii digargunsozihoi ijtnmoi tasvir shudaast. Istilohi «Utopiya» az nomi asari T. Mor «Jazirai «Utopiya» girifta shudaast. Dar sharoiti tanazzuli …

UChASTKAI INTIKhOBOTI, dar SSSR yak qismi okrugi intikhobotiro guyand, ki dar on miqdori muayyani intikhobkunandagon ovoz medihand.

UShR (arabi- dahyak), dar mamlakathoi musulmoni andozest, ki ba miqdori dahyaki hosil (har sol az dehqonon, chorvodoron va mohigiron) sitonida meshud. Dar ibtido ushrro az saidho, ruhoniyoni kalon, inchunin baze amiron va az khalqhoi nohiyahoi «ikhtiyoran ba lashkari islom taslimshuda» megiriftand. Obu zaminero, ki az on ushr mesitonidand, «mulki ushriya» …

FARDIYaT, khususiyati takrornashavanda va bemislu monandi yagon hodisa, mavjudoti alohida va odamro guyand. On khilofi chizhoi umumi, tipi va (dar psikhologiyai ijtimoi) kollektivi istifoda meshavad. Hamchun mafhumi falsafi dar talimot oid ba atom (fard) va mabda asosnok shudaast.