Ilm

EKOLOGIYa (az yun. 6ikos — khona, manzil, joy zist va …logiya), sohai ilmest, ki munosibati organizmhoi nabotiyu hayvonro bayni khud va bo muhiti sukunat, inchunin munosibati insonro bo biosfera meomuzad. Istilohi «E.»-ro s. 1866 olimi nemis E. Gekkel peshnihod kardaast. Populyasiyai organizmho, namudho, jamoaho, ekosistema va umuman biosfera mavzui (obekti) …

EKSTRAKSIYa (az lot. extraxtio — judo karda giriftan), judokuni, prosessi ba vositai halkunanda (ekstragent) purra yo qisman judo kardani omekhtai moddahoi moe yo sakhtro guyand. Qismhoi tarkibii omekhta dar halkunanda odatan yak khel hal nameshavand. Prosessi E. se davri pay dar pay (ba qabatho judokuni, durkunii ekstragent va barqarorkunii on)-ro …

EBONITHO (az yun. ebenos — darakhti siyoh), mahsuli vulkanizasiyai kauchukro bo miqdori ziyodi sulfur guyand. E. masolehi sakht buda, ba tasiri mahluli kislotaho, asosho, namakho, ravganho, charb ustuvor ast. Zichiashon 1,15—4,68 g/sm3. E.-ro baroi istehsoli juzhoi elektro-izolisionii asbobho, makhzanhoi akkumulyator, rupush kardani zarfho va g. istifoda mebarand.

ShUJO (ar. ), burjest dar nimkurai janubii osmon. Qadri sitoragii vizualii munirtarin sitorai on ba 2,0 barobar ast. Sharoiti musoidi mushohida mohhoi fevr.— mart. Az mavzehoi janubii SSSR tamomi sol va az terr. boqimondai on qisman namoyon ast. Nig. niz. Osmon.

ShURZAMIN, shurazamin, zaminest, ki dar natijai shurzanii khoki dasht, biyobon, nimbiyobon va g. (hangomi az sathi. zamin bug shudani obhoi zerizamini namakho ba qabathoi boloii khok mebaroyand) paydo shudaast (nig. Shurkhok). Sh. az qabathoi namak (norm, sofolak va g.), gumus (khele nam), jinsi namakdor yo qabati obnigahdor iborat ast. Sh. …

ShIHOB, sitorai durakhshoni parronro menomand. Dar adabiyoti ilmii zamonavi bo nomi meteor mamul ast. Nig. Meteorho.

ShKALAI ZILZILA, shkalaest, ki ba vositai on intensiviyati lappishhoi sathi zaminro hangomi zilzila qayd mekunand. Dar SSSR shkalai 12-balla (GOST 6249—52) va MSK-64 istifoda meshavand.

ShKALAI KELVIN, shkalai termodinamikii haroratro guyand. Mavsum ba fiziki anglis U. Tomson (Kelvin), ki bori avval prinsipi sokhtani chunin shkalaro peshnihod karda bud.

ShKALAI SELSIY, shkalai haroratiero guyand, ki dar on yak daraja (1*S) barobar ba 1/100 hissai ikhtilofi harorati jushishi ob va yakhbandii on dar fishori normali boshad. Mavsum ba olimi shved A. Selsiy, harorat dar Sh. S. bo daraja (*S) ifoda karda meshavad. Obshavii yakh O. S, haror. jushishi ob 100*S …

ShIDDATNOKII MAYDONI ELEKTRI, buzurgii vektorii E-ro guyand, ki tasiri quvvagii maydoni elektriro ba zarra yo qismi elektrnok tavsif medihad. Sh.m.e. bo nisbati E=Fo/Q ifoda meshavad (Go — quvvaest, ki az tarafi maydon ba zaryadi elektrik nuqtagi tasir mekunad, Q — qismi zaryadi elektrist, ki dar nuqtai muoinashavandai maydon joygir shudaast). …