Ilm

Na­zariyai akhbor, yak fasli kiber- netikaro guyand, ki ba tartib doda­ni tavsifoti matematiki, bahodihii metodhoi intiqol, nigahdori, istifodabari va tasnifi informa­tsiya mashgul ast. Azbaski mafhumi «informatsiya» va sohahoi tatbiqi on khele gunogunand, Nazariyai informatsiya dar zinai hozirai taraqqiyotash az majmui predmethoi gunoguni ilmi iborat meboshad, ki dar har yaki onho …

Nazariyai kvantii relyativistii zarrahoi elementari va tasiri mutaqobili onhoro guyand. Az sohahoi umdatarinn fizikai nazariyavii muosir ast, ki dar on umumitarin qonuniyathoi fiziki omukhta meshavand. Nazariyai kvantii maydon khususiyathoi zarrano va maydnho, fazo va vaqtro dar yagonagi muoina mekunad. Elektrodi- namikai kvanti avvalin Nazariyai kvantii maydoni fotonho va elektronho gardid. …

Nazariyai kinetikii gazho fasli fizikai nazariyavist, ki bo metodnoi statistiki khosiyathoi gazhoro dar asosi tasavvurot doir ba sokhti molekulavii gaz va qonuni muayyani tasiri mutaqobili molekulahoi on meomuzad. Tahti mafhumi Nazariyai kinetikii gazho odatan nazariyai prosess­hoi nomuvozinatro mefahmand, na­zariyai holathoi muvozinat boshad, ba mekhanikai statistikii muvozi­nat mansub ast. Nazariyai kinetikai …

Nazariyai burjuaziest, ki goyan tadri- jan barham khurdani tafovuthoi iqtisodi, siyosiyu ideologii bayni ka­pitalizmu sotsializm va dar okhir yakshavii onhoro targib  mekunad. Solhoi 50 dar natijai inqilobi ilmiyu tekhniki va inkishofi jamiyatikunonii istehsoloti kapitalisti ba vujud omadaast. Golbreyt, U. Rostou (ShMA), Ya. Tinbergen (Niderland) va digaron namoyandagoni asosii Nazariyai konvergensiya …

Nazariyai kosmologiest, ki dar on marhalahoi avvalini inkishofi Koinoti tom tabiri fiziki yoftaand. Olimi belgiyagi Jorj Lemetr natijai mushohidahoi astronomii Edvin Habblro tahlilu tarkibi fi­ziki karda ba khulosa omad, ki Koinot dar guzashtai dur dar yak pola­ti favqulodda zich budu bo mururi zamon ba juvbish omada, sakht tarkid va dar …

Nazariyai moshin va mekhanizmho (NMM) ilmest dar borai metodhoi umumii tadqiqu loihakashii moshin va mekhanizmho. NMM-ro shartan ba du qism: nazariyai mekhanizmho va nazariyai moshinho judo mekunand. Faslhoi asosii NMM-ro sintezi mekhanizmho, dinamikai mo­shin va mekhanizmho va nazariyai moshin-avtomatho tashkil medikhand. Dar fasli sintezi mekha­nizmho skhemai optimalii mekhanizm va parametrhoi …

Nazariyai majmuho talimotest dar borai khosiyathoi umumii majmuho, alalkhusus majmuhoi beintiho. Mafhumi majmu az jumlai soddatarin mafhumhoi  matematikist, on tarif doda nameshavad, ammo bo misolho sharh dodan mumkin ast. Chunonchi, dar borai majmui kitobhoi yagon. kitobkhona, majmui nuqtahoi khati rost, majmui halhoi yagon muodila sukhan ronda metavonem. Kitobhoi kitobkhonai mazkur, …

Nazariyai muvozinat nomi mushtaraki yak qator talimothoi ijtimoiyu tarikhii gayrimarksistist, ki jarayoni inkishof va amaliyoti jamiyat yo unsurhoi onro dar asosi prinsipi muvozinati az tabiatshinosi giriftashuda tabir mekunand. Dar asri 17 paydo shuda (B. Spino­za, T. Gobbs, G. V. Leybnits), sani­tar az tarafi pozitivistov (O. Kont, G. Spenser va digaron) …

Nazariyai navho  dar khi­miya, nazariyaest, ki payvasthoi khi- miyaviro mahsuli dar payvasthoi «mamul»-i kamshumor ivazshavii yak element (radikal) bo elementi (radikali) digar meshumorad. In nazariyaro soghoi 1839—1840 khimiki fransavi J. B. Dyuma peshnihod kardaast. Soli 1853 khimiki digari fransavi Sh. Jerar «Nazariyai navhoi nav»-ro kor karda baromad. Muvofiqi Nazariyai navhoi …

Nazariyai matematikiest, ki khosiyathoi skalya- ri, vektori (yo umuman tenzori) -i maydonhoro, yane havzahoi fazo (yo sath)-ero tadqiq, mekunad, ki ba har yak nuqtai M-i onho adadi i(M) (masalan, harorat, fishor, zichi, tadokhuli magniti) yo vektori a(M) (masalan, surati zarrai moei jori, shiddatnokii maydoni quvvagi, az jumla maydonhoi elektri va …