Ilm

FLUKTUASIYaHO (az lotini Fluktatio — lappish), az qimati miyona tasodufan dur shudani buzurgihoi fiziktero guyand, ki ba sistemahoi serzarfa mansuband. Fluktufssiyaho dar natijai harakati garmonii zarrahoi sistema ba amal meoyand. Masalan, Fluktufssiyahoi fitor hangomi harakati brounii zarraho az zarbai garomatnashudai molekulahoi muhit ba amal mooyand. Fluktufssiyaho baroi hama guna prosssehoi …

FLYuORIT (az lotini fluor— jarayon), shpati gudozish, minoralest az sinfi ftoridho, SaG2. Shakli kristallhoyash kubist. Sakhtiash 4; zichiash 3,2 g/sm3. Omekhtahoyash Y, TR, U ast, ki ba Flyuorit rangi bunafsh, sabz va zard medihad; Flyuoriti shaffof nihoyat kam ast. Flyuoritro dar metallurgiya ba sifati flyus, dar sanoati khimiya baroi giriftani …

FOBOS (yunoni rhobos — tars, vahm), radifi sayyorai Mirrikhro guyand. Masofaash az Mirrikh 9400 km. Davri gardishash 7 s 39 daqiqa, shaklash nomuntazam ast. Fobosro astronomi amerikoi A. Kholl soli 1877 kashf namudaast.

FIRUZA, yak nav mineral; SuAl6[RO4]4 (ON) 8 • 4N2O. Odatan dar shakli massahoi yaklukhti nihonkristalli, agregathoi gurdamonand, rag va gayra duchor meoyad. Firuza khira va mumjilo buda, rangash kabudi osmoni, kabudi sabztob va buri sabztob ast. Sakhtiash 5—6, zichiash 2,6—2,8 g/sm3. Firuza sangi qimatbaho buda, onro dar zargari baroi nigin …

FITOGEOGRAFIYa, geografiyai rastaniho, yak fasli botanika va geografiya tabiiro guyand, ki pahnshavii geografii nabototro meomuzad. Mavzui asosii tadqiqi fitogeografiya areali namudhoi flora va gayra meboshad. Masalahoi fitogeografiya dar SSSRdar Instituti botanikai ba nomi V. L. Komarovi Akademiyai Fanhoi SSSR, Instituti umumiittifoqii rastaniparvarii ba nami N. I. Vavilov va dar RSS …

FIZIKAI KhIMIYaVI, ilmest, ki okhiri solhoi 20 va avvali solhoi 30 dar hambastagi bo fizikai atom va mekhanikai kvanti ba vujud omadaast. Tadqiqoti sokhti elektronii atomho, khususiyati molekulaho, kinetika, mekhanizmho, zinahoi ibtidoii reaksiyaho bo istifodai usulhoi fiziki (optikiyu spektri, tahlili strukturii rentgeni, mikroskopii elektroni va gaayra), inchunin usulhoi kvantiyu khimiyavii …

FIZIKAI YaDROI atom, yak fasli fizikaro guyand, ki ookhti yadroi atom, khosiyathoi on, kohishi radioaktivi va qoyauniyathoi reaksiyahoi yadroiro meomuzad. Fizikai yadroi dar manoi vasei kalima fizikai zarrahoi elementariro niz dar bar megirad. Vazan tekhnikai yadroi va enertetikai yadroiro, ki kayho boz ba soqahoi mustaqili tadqiqoti ilmi tabdil yoftaand, juzi …

FILOGENEZ (az yunorni rhylon jins, zot va …genez) filogeniya, inkishofi tarikhii orgashgzmho (namud, jins, oila, simf va gayra)-ro guyand. Istilohi «Filogenez»-ro soli 1866 evolyusionisti nemis E. Gekkel jori kardaast. Filogenez va qonuniyathoi onro filogenetika meamuzad. Hangomi omuzishi Filogenez vazifai asosi tajdidi tagyiri tadrijii hayvonot, nabotot, mikroorganizmho va muayyan namudani paydoishu …

FILOLOGIYa (yunoni rhilolojia — sukhandusti, donishdusti), majmui ilmhoi ijtimoi—zabonshinosi, adabiyotshinosi, tarikh va gayra, ki ba vositai tahlili zabon va uslubi osori khatti (matn) tarikhi madaniyagi manavii insoniyatro omukhta, mohiyati onro oshkor mesozand. Asosi tahqiqi filologiro matn tashkil menamoyad va in tahqiq du janba dorad: yake janbai mahdud, ki ba omuzishi …

FIKSIZM (az lotini fixus — sakht, tagyirnopazir), farziyai geologist oid ba tagyirnopazirii mavqei khushkihoi rui Zamin va roli halkunandai harakathoi amudii tektoniki dar inkishofi qishri Zamin. Faksizm aksi mobilizm ast.