Ilm

KhATI ROST, yak mafhumi asosii geometriyaro guyand. Hangomi az nuqtai nazari geometriya bayon kardani yagon hodisa khati rost chun yak mafhumi ibtidoi istifoda meshavad.

KhATI SURIYONI, khatest, ki baroi sabti osori zaboni suriyoni istifoda megardid. Dar zaminai khati oromi paydo shuda, ba monandi on 22 harfi hamsadoro dar bar megift. Dar osori khattii mansub ba asrhoi 1-2 harfho az yakdigar judo va ravshanu khono navishta shudaand. Vale badtar harfhoi ba yakdigar vaslshuda ziyodtar gardidand. …

KhATI SUGDI, khatest, ki az on baroi sabti osori zaboni sugdi istifoda shudaast. Dar asosi khati oromi hazorai 1 to melod dar Sugdi Qadim yustiro shuda, 23 alamatro dar bar megirift. Nakhustin osori on ba asri 1 to melodi mansub ast. Alomathoi khati sugdiro nakhustin bor olimi fransavi R. Goto …

KhATI TASVIRI, piktografiya, khatest, ki dar on matlabu maqsad dar shakli tasvir ifoda meshavad. Az rui alomathoi khati tasviri, ki az akshoi gunogun iboratand, zabonero nadonista, khati onro khondan mumkii ast. Dar khati tasviri alomathoi sharti, ramzi mustamaland: tasviri du dili ba ham payvast — «ishq», chorkunjai dokhili doira — …

KhATI FINIQI, yak nav khatest, ki finiqiho, karfageniho, yahudiyoni qadim va digar dar davlathoi qadimii Finiqiya, Suriya, Falastin,qisman dar Misr, jazirai Kipr Kilikiya (viloyate dar Osiyoi Khurd), Karfagen va gayra istifoda mekardand. Osori khati finiqi ba nimai duyumi hazorai 2 to melod— asri 4 to melod mutaalliqand. Sarchashmahoi paydoishi khati …

KhATI FORSII QADIM, sistemai khati hijoii mekhist, ki az on baroi sabti osori zaboni forsii qadim istifoda shudaast. Manbahoi paydoishi khati forsii qadim aniq muayyan nagardidaand. Jihati asosie, ki in khatro ba khathoi mekhii elami va akkadi qarobat dodaast, istifoda shudani alomati mekhmonand chun unsuri khat meboshadu bas. Shoh Doroi …

KhATI KhORAZMI, khatest, ki az on baroi sabti osori zaboni khorazmi istifoda shudaast. Manbaash khati oromist. Ba khati sugdi va khati porti shabohat dorad. Qadimtarin osori on ba asrhoi 3—2 to melodi taalluq dorad. Hujjathoi mansub ba asrhoi 3— 4 va 8, ki az Tuproqqala ba dast omadaand, hamchunin katibahoi …

KhALKOZIN, (az yunoni shalcos — MIS), jiloi mis, mineralest az sinfi sulfidho. Tarkibi khimiyaviash Su2S; omekhtahoi Ag, bazan Ge, So, Ni, As dorad. Rangash khokistarii surbmonand. Jiloyash metalli; murt. Sakhtiash 2,5—3; zichiash 5,5—5,8 g/ sm3. Quvvai elektrro nagz meguzaronad. Xalkozin madani mis meboshad.

KhALKOPIRIT (az yunoni shalcos — mis va pirig), kolchedani mis, mineral, sulfidi mis va ohanro guyand; SiGeS; 34,57% mis, 30,54% ohan va 34,9% sulfur dorad. Omekhtahoyash: Ag, Zn, Au, As, Se, Sn. Odatai dar shakli massahoi kristalli va zarrahoi kalon vomekhurad. Rangash zardi birinji. Jiloyash metalli. Sakhtiash 3—4, zichiash 4,1 …

KhALSEDON (az nomi shahri qadimii Khalkedon — Shalkedon dar sohili bahri Marmar), mineral, navi nimshaffof va mikrokristallii kvars. Dar tarkibash omekhtahoya Ge3+, A13+, to 1—1,5% ob va gayra dorad. Sokhtash nakhdor. Rangash safed, khokistari, bur, kabud, sabz, zardcha, surkhcha va gayra. Bazan rakh-rakh, dogdor yo naqshdor meshavad. Xalsedon minerali bisyor …