Ilm

TORBERNIT, mineralest az guruhi uranhoi abraqmonand, Su (UO2)2 • [R04]2 • 12N2O. Kristalhoyash khurd va tunuk. Rangash sabzi ravshan; sadafjilo; nihoyat radioktivist. Sakhtiash 2—3; zichiash 3200—3600 kg/m3; murt. Torbernit mahsuli farsoishi mineralhoi urandor meboshad. Dar havoi kushodi khushk tadrijan ba meta torbernit Su (UO2)2 [R04]2 • 8N2O tabdil meyobad.

TORIY (lotini Thorium), Th, elementi khimiyanii radioaktiv (az aktinoidhost) az guruhi III sistemai davrii Mendeleev, raqamya atomi 90, massai atomi 232,038. Toriyi tabii amalan az yak izotopi nisbatan sobit ”T (T’/2 ch- 1,39-1010 sol) va chor izotopi gayrisobit iborat ast. Toriyro soli 1828 I. Ya. Berselius kashf kard. Toriy metalli …

TORIT, mineralest az sinfi silikatho, ThSiO4. Omekhtai U, TR, Ge, Ca, Mn, R, Al, Ti va gayra dorad. Kristallhoyash prizma va qalamchamonand. Rangash siyoh, buri surkhtob, norinji va gayra. Sakhtiash 4,5—5; zichiash 4100—6700 kg/m3. Nihoyat radioaktivist. Toritnro az konho yakjoya bo sirkon, kassiterit va gayra istikhroj menamoyand. Torit madani toriy …

TOVUS (lotini Ravo), burjest dar Nimkurai janubi osmon. Qadri zohirii munirtarin sitoraash ba 2,0 barobar ast. Az hududi SSSR namoyoya nest. Nigared niz Osmon.

TOKEMBRIY, zamonest dar tarikhi geologii Zadmin, ki pesh az davrai kembriy (yo paleozoy, fanerozoy) omada, tabaqahoi hamon davrai qishri Zaminro dar bar megirad. Taqriban 4 mlrd sol (8/9 hissai tarikhi geologii Zamin) davom kardaast; ba erahoi arkheozoy va proterozoy taqsim meshavad. Paydoishi qadimtarin tabaqahoi jinsi kuhi, hayot (avvalin obsabzho, bakteriyaho) …

TOMIZM, talimoti Fomai Akvini va raviyai falsafii katolikii tasiskardai u, ki talimoti Arasturo bo talabhoi oini masehi mutobiq mesokht. Dar davrai skholastika mavqei muhim dosht, aflotuniyai Avgustin (354—430) va rushdiyaro mahdud namuda bud. Dar asri 14 U. Okkam ba Tomizm zid baromad. Tachdidi faoliyati Tomizm ba marhilai duyumi inkishofi skholastika …

TOKSIKOLOGIYa (az yunoni toxokon — zahr va ….logiya), zahrshinosi, yak qismati tibro guyand, ki khosiyati fiziki va khimiyavii zahrho, tasiri onhoro ba organizm va rohhoi peshgiriyu muolijai zahroludiro meomuzad. Toksikologiya zahrhoi paydoishashon gunogunro tadqiq menamoyad. Dar «Vandidod»-i Avesto oid ba zahroludi, usulhoi muborizai ziddi hasharot, mor va digar jonvaroni zahrnok …

TIFLOPEDAGOGIKA (az yunoni typhlos — kur va pedagogika), yak sohai defektologiyaro nomand, ki ba masalahoi talimu tarbiya, malumot va taiyorii mehnatii shakhsoni nobino (kuri modarzod, quvvai bosiraashon sust, kuru kar) mashgul ast. Markazi Tiflopedagogikai soveti — Instituti tadqiqoti ilmii defektologiyai Akademiyai Ilmii Pedagogi. Dar Resspublikai Soveti Sotsialistii Tojikiston. 2 maktabi …

TITANIT, sfen, mineral az guruhi silikatho, SaTi [SiO4]O. Omekhtahoyash: TR, Ge, AI, Mn, Nb, Sn va gayra. Rangash zard, surkhcha. Jiloyash almosi. Sakhtiash 6—6,5; zichiash 3500— 3600 kg/m3. Titanit «minerali mamuli jinshoi kuhii magmavist. Titanit madani muhimmi titan meboshad. Konhoi kaloni Titanit dar Shveysariya, Italiya, SSSR (Ural, Ukraina, Osibi Miyona) …

TITAN, nomi radifi sayyorai Zuhal. Diametrash taqriban ba 5 hazor km barobar buda, az markazi sayyora ba hisobi miyona dar masofai 1223 hazor km voqe ast. Soli 1655 X. Gyuygens kashf kard. Nigared niz Radifoni sayyoraho.