Ilm

Nazariyai radikalho yake az nazariyahoi asosii khimiyai nimai yakumi asri 19. Asosi onro tasavvuroti A. L. Lavuaze oid ba ahamiyati muhimi oksigen dar khimiya va dukhelagii tarkibi payvasthoi khimiyavi tashkil medihad. Lavuaze (1789) az istilohi radikal (az lot. radix — resha, asos, ki soli 1785 khimiki fransavi A. B. Giton …

Nazariyai sathho yak fasli geometriyai differensiali ast, ki khosiyati sathhoro meomuzad. Yake az vazifahoi asosii Nazariyai sathho chen namuda­ni buzurgihoi gunogun dar sathho meboshad. Majmui dalelhoe, ki dar natijai in chenkunino ba dast meoyad, geometriyai dokhilii sathhoro tashkil medihad. Mafhumhoi darozii khat, kunji bayni du samt, masohati soha, inchunin khathoi …

Nazariyai sokhti khimiyavi, nazariyaest dar borai sokhti payvast- hoi organiki, tartibi joygirshavii atomho va bandhoi khimiyavi dar mo­lekula, tasiri (mutaqobili atomho, inchunin aloqai sokht va khosiyati fi- zikiyu khimiyavii moddaho. Prinsiphoi asosii Nazariyai sokhti khimiyaviro avvalin marotiba (1861) A. M. But­lerov bayon kardaast. Ba kashf shudani Nazariyai sokhti khimiya mafhumhoi …

Nazdikkuni va interpolironii funksiyaho fasli Nazariyai funksihost, ki usulhoi taqribi ifoda kardani funksiyahoro meomuzad. Guzorishi masalai asosii Nazdikkuni chunin ast: baroi funksiyai f(x) ae sinfi muayyani funksiyaho K (masalan, az sinfi bisyoruzvaho yo funksiyahoi trigonometri) chunin funksiyai ϕ(kh)–ro boyad yoft, ki vay bo yagon mano ba f(kh) nazdik boshad, yane …

Nazariyai nisbiyat hozira nazariyai fizikii fazo, vaqt va jozi-baro guyand, ki allomai asri 20 A. Eynshteyn solhoi 1905—1915 tahiya kar- daast. Az rui tashbehi khudi Eynsh­teyn Nazariyai navho sulolaero memonad, ki az du shajara tarkib yoftaast — odatan yakero n a z a r i ya i  juzii n i …

Nazariyai adadho, ilmest dar borai adadhoi butun. Mafhumi adadi butun, inchunin amalhoi arifmetiki bo adadho az davrahoi qadim malum buda, yake az abstraksiya (mafhum)-hoi avvali­ni matematika ba hisob meravad. Dar bayni adadhoi butup, yane,… —3, —2, —1, 0, 1, 2, 3,… adadhoi naturali — adadhoi butuni musbat 1, 2, 3, …

Nazariyai algoritmho, yak fasli matematikaro guyand, ki khosiyathoi umumii algoriglenoro meomu­zad. Hodisanoe, ki boisi ba vujud omadani mafhumi «algoritm» gardidaand, dar tamomi tarikhi mavjudiyati matematika vomekhurand. Ammo khudi mafhum tanho dar asri 20 purra tashakkul yoft va faqat solhoi 20 asri 20 dar tadqiqoti namoyandagoni intuitsionizmi matematiki L. E. Ya. …

Nazariyai boziho, yak fasli matematikaro guyand, ki dar vaziyati ikhtilof (yane dar surati ba ham zid omadann manfiati du va yo chand tarafho) qoidahoi ba dast ovardani natijahoi behtarinro me­omuzad. Khususiyati vaziyathoi ikhtilofi on ast, ki tarafho amaliyoti harifi khudro peshaki namedo­nand. Az hamin sabab Nazariyai bozihoro chun nazariyai qabul …

Nazariyai grafho yak fasli matematikaro guyand, ki obekthoyashro ba tariqi geometri meomuzad. Mafhumi asosii in nazariya graf meboshad. Graf tavassuti majmui qullaho (nuqtaho) va majmui teuaho (bandho)-e, ki baze az jufthoi (yo haman) qullahoro mepayvandand, muayyan karda meshavad. Jufthoi qullaho ba hamdigar bo yakchand tegakho payvast shuda metavonand. Masalan, majmui …

Nazariyai idorai avtomati (NIA) yak fasli kibernetikai tekhnikist, ki obekti tadqiqi on sistemahoi idorakunii avtomati (SIA)-i gunogun meboshand; prinsiphoi sokhtani sistemahoi idorakunii avtomati va qonuniyathoi asosii prosesshoi onhoro meomuzad. Dar avval NIA hamchun nazariyai tanzimi avtomati (NTA) takmil  yofta, yake az faslhoi mekhanikai na- zari va tekhniki ba shumor meraft. …