Ilm

META-, ORTO-, PARA-, (mukhtasar m-, o-, p-; az yun. meta —badi, bayni; orthos — rost; raga — mutaqobil), dar khimiya, hissachahoe, ki dar khimiyai organiki mavqei du joynishini yakkhela yo gunogunro nisbat ba yakdigar dar halqai benzol nishon medihad. Chunonchi, dar metapayvastho joynishinho mavqei 1,3, dar orto-payvastho —1,2, dar para-payvastho …

METABOLIZM (az yun. metabole— tagyiryobi, tabaddulot), majmui reaksiyai khimiyavii dar hujayrahoi zinda baamaloyandaro guyand, ki organizmro bo energiya va moddahoi baroi faoliyati hayoti, sabzvotho afzoish zaruri tamin menamoyand. Ba manii beshtar istifodashavanda istilohi «Metabolizm» mubodilai moddaho va energiyaro ifoda mekunad; ba manii makhsus va sahehtar mubodilai mobayni, yane tabadduloti moddahoro …

METABOLITHO, moddahoeand, ki dar hujayra, bofta va uzvhoi nabototu hayvonot hangomi prosessi mubodilai mobayni hosil meshavand (nig. Metaboliyai) va dar prosesshoi minbadai assimilyasiya va dissimilyasiya ishtirok mekunand.

MERING Frans (27. 2. 1846, Shlave — 29. 1. 1919, Berlin), arbobi harakati korgarii nemis, faylasuf, muarrikh va munaqqidi adabi, marksist. Az oilai sarvatmandi burjuazi. Dar un-thoi Leypsig va Berlin tahsil namudaast (1866—70). Doktori falsafa (1882). Az s. 1891 azoi partiya s.-d. Yake az asosguzoroni Partiyai Kommunistii Germaniya. Ba opportunizm …

MERINOSHO (isp. merinos), yak nav zoti gusfandhoi mahinpashm. Vatani in guna gusfandho Osiyoi Pesh buda, badho dar mamlakathoi sohili b. Miyonazamin, dar nimai asri 18 dar mamlakathoi Evropai Garbi, Amerikai Shimoli, Avstraliya va dar okhiri asri 19 dar Rossiya pahn shudaast. Dar avvali asri 20 dar Rossiya yakchand navhoi az …

MERKANTILIZM (az ital. tegcante — savdogar, tojir), 1) siyosati iqtisodii mamlakathoi Evropa dar asrhoi 15—18, ki dar zamoni feodalizm ogoz yofta, ba manfiati burjuaziyai navbunyodi tijorati khizmat mekard. Meristema bo rohi inkishofi savdoi beruna, zabti mustamlikaho va muborizai tijorati baroi tezonidani andukhti kapitali mamlakat mekushid. 2) Jarayoni iqtisodi siyosii burjuazi, …

MERGEL (nem. Mergel), jinsi kuhii tahshini. Tarkibash 30—90% kalsit (SaSOz) yo dolomit (MgCOi) va muvofiqan az 70 to 10% mineralhoi gili dorad. Mergel az rui payvasthoi tarkibash gildor, ohakdor, dolamitdor va g., az rui strukturash varaqi, gurusha va khoka meshavad. Rangash safedcha, khokistari sabz, jigari, surkh, bunafsh, zard va g. …

MENDES (Addax nasomaculatus), hayvoni shirkhori juftsumest az kovokshokhho. Darozii tanaash to 2 m, balandiash qarib 1 m, vaznash to 120 kg. Rangash ashhabii qahvarang. Mendes shokhi darozi (to 90 sm) halqa-halqai lirashakl bo rahhoi safed va dar peshonaash yak qabza mui siyoh dorad. Dar biyoboni Sakhara vomekhurad. Baroi gusht va …

MENZBIR Mikhail Aleksandrovich (4. 11. 1855, Tula —10. 10. 1935, Moskva), zoologi soveti, akad. AF SSSR (1929; azo-korr. 1896, azoi fakhri 1926). Soli 1878 Universiteti Moskvaro khatm namudaast (az soli 1886 prof.). Solhoi 1911 —17 professor. Kursi olii zanonai Moskva va solhoi 1917 —19 rektori Universiteti Moskva bud. Korhoi asosii …

MENASK (Menasce) Jan de (1902—1973), sharqshinosi fransavi. Shogirdi Benvenist. Az soli 1939 to 1948 dar Shveysariya zindagi kardaast. Ba Fransiya bargasht va dar Universiteti Sorbonna ba tadris mashgul gardid. Asarhoi ziyod doir ba katibaho va osori khatti forsii miyona dorad. Muhimtarin asari Menam-chao-praya «Kitobi seyumi Dinkard» (Parij, 1973) (nig. «Dinkard») …