Peru (Reru), Respublikai Peru (Republica del Peru), davlatest dar qismi garbii Amerikai Ja­nubi. Dar Sh.arqu Garb bo Ekvador, dar Shimolu Sharq bo Kolumbiya, dar Sharq bo Braziliya va Boliviya, dar Janub bo Chi­li hamsarhad ast. Dar Garb va Janubu Garb onro uqyonusi Orom ihota namudaast. Masohatash 1285 hazor km2. Aholiash …

Perugiho, millatest dar Peru, ki beshtar az duragahoi aslashon ispaniyu hindi tashakkul yoftaast. Peru taqriban nisfi aholii mamlakatro tashkil medihand (qarib 8,5 mln, 1978); asosan dar mavzehoi nazdi sohil va kuhii And zindagi mekunand. Dindoron katolikand. Ba zaboni ispani, ki dar tarkibi on kalimahoi zabonhoi hindiyoni Ame­rika (khususan kechua) ziyodand, …

Perforator (lot. reforo —surokh mekunam), dar sistemai korkardi informtsiya, olatest baroi surokh kardani kogaz, navori kino va gayra ba maqsadi sabti in­formatsiya. Peruhoe, ki baroi sabt kar­dani informatsiyai razami, hurufi va hurufiyu raqami dar perfonavor va perfoqartaho tain shudaand, beshtar mamuland. Peruho vobasta ba tainot, sokhti olati harakatovaru olati surokhkunanda, …

Periastr (az peri… va yun. astron — sitora), nuqtai ba sitora nazdiktarini madori sitorai digar, ki girdi sitorai yakum harakat mekunad. Dar mavridi nochiz budani ta­siri digar jismhoi osmoni in hara­kat az rui qonuhoi Kepler muayyan meshavad. Mavqei Periastr dar fazo bo ta­siri jalayone tagyir meyobad, ki ba tufayli jozibai …

Peroksidho p a y v a s t h o i peroksidi, payvasthoe, ki atomhoi oksigeni bevosita ba hamdigar payvastshuda dorand. Peroksid du khel meshavand: organiki va gayriorganiki. Peroksidi organi ki dar tarkibashon guruhi—O—O -dorand, ki bo yak yo du atomi karbon payvast shudaand, masalan, Periksidi alkili yo arili (R—O— …

Pemfigus (az yun. remphigos — qatra, hubob), yak gurgh bemorihoi tabiatashon gunogunero guyand, ki hangomi on dar pust va luobpardai dahon hubobchahkho paydo meshavand.

Peneplen (angl. reneplein; az lot. raene — qarib va angl. rlain — hamvori), qitai kaloni kamu besh hamvorshudai rui Zaminro guyand, ki dar sharoiti iqlimi sernam az farsoish va bo mururi zamon shusta shudani kuuhsor ba vujud omadaast. Hangomi ba amal omadani peneplen vodiho tadrijan chuqurtaru darozrgyatar gardida, dar natijai …

Penza, shahr, markazi viloyati Pen­zai RSFSR. Dar sohili daryoi Sura (sho­khobi d Volga) voke ast. Uzeli rohi ohan va rohhoi avtomobilgard. Aholiash 183 hazor nafafar (1979). Penza markazi kaloni moshinsozii SSSR meboshad; sanoati sabuk va khurokvori, istehsoli masolehi bilokori niz rivoj yoftaast. Penza 40% mahsuloti sanoatii viloyatro medihad. 3avodhoi sanoati …

Perekop, (Gardanai Pere­kop), qitai khushkist, ki nimjazirai Qrimro bo materik mepayvandad. Tuli Perekop 30 km, barash 8—23 km, balandiash to 20 m. Az gilu reg tarkib yoftaast. Zaminash hamvor, rastanihoi dashti va nimbiyoboni meruyand. Dar qismi janubii Perekop kulhoi shuri Staroe, Krasnoe va gayra voqeand, ki masohati onho az 0,5 …

Pektinho (az yunoni rektos — muttahidshuda, yakgashta), m o d d a h oi    p e k t i n i, polisakharidhoi kalonmolekulae, ki dar tamomi nabototi ruizamini va obsabzho dar shakli halshavanda (pektini halshavanda) va halnashavanda (protopektin) vujud dorand. Beshtar dar meva, bargu poya va bekhmevai nabotot dida meshavand. …