ULUGZODA Sotim

ULUGZODA Sotim (tavallud 1. 9. 1911, dehai Varziki rayoni Chusti viloyati Namangovi RSS Uzbakiston), navisandai sovetii tojik, azokorrspondenti Akademiyai Fanhoi RSS Tojikiston. (1951). Az oilai dehqoni kambagal. Malumoti ibtidoi va miyonaro dar internati Chust girifta, soli 1929 Dorulmuallimini tojikii Toshkandro khatm kard. Chande on jo az adabiyot dars guft. Soli 1930 ba Dushanbe omada, kotibi masuli gazetahoi «Javononi Tojikiston» (hozira «Komsomoli Tojikiston»), «Tojikistoni Surkh» (hozira «Tojikistoni soveti»), bad muovini muharriri masuli jurnali «Baroi adabiyoti sosialisti» shud. Solhoi 1934—1937 kotibi Pravleniyai Ittifoqi Navisandagoni Tojikiston bud. Solhoi 1941— 1944 mukhbiri gazetahoi baze diviziya va frontho bud. Okhiri soli 1944 az khizmati harbi bargashta, raisi Pravleniyai Ittifoqi Navisandagoni Tojikistoi intikhob gardid va to soli 1946 in vazifaro ijro kard. Az on vaqt to imruz bo kori ejodi mashgul ast.

Faoliyati ejodii Ulugzoda az soli 1930 az tarjumai badey, publisistikayu ocherk va tanqidi adabi sar shudaast. Az okhiri solhoi 30 dramaturgiya dar ejodigeti Ulugzoda ba joygohi asosi guzosht. Yakumin pesai u «Lashkar ba darvozai Bukhoro» (1936, hamrohi B. Muhammadiev; notamom). Dramahoi «Shodmon» (1939) va «Kaltaqdoroni  surkh (1940) ba u shuhrat ovardand. Dar «Shodmon» konflikti tipi nav, ki barkhurdi naviyu kuhnagiro dar khud inikos dodaast, barrasi shud. Didi konkretii zindagi ba dramaturg imkon dod, ki manzarahoi realistii hayoti kolkhozidro tasvir namoyad. Teatri akademii dramai ba nomi Lohuti ruzhoi Dahai sanati tojik dar Moskva (1941) «Kaltakdoroni surkh»-ro namoish doda, muvaffaqiyat ba dast ovard. Konsepsiyai kharakteri qahramonona, ki dar «Kaltakdoroni surkh» ifoda yofta bud, bo tajribai solkhoi Jangi Buzurgi Vatani ganitar shuda, dar dramai «Dar otash» (1944) mazmuni internasionali va konkretiyai realisti kasb kard. Qahramoni jang Teshaboy Odilov, ki Ulugzoda az kornomahoyash dar ocherki frontii «Vay shahri Leninro mudofia mekunad» (1944) hikoyat karda bud, dar namoishnomai «Dar otash» prototivi qahramoni asosi Safar Haydarov qaror yoft.

Justujui kharakterhovu konfliktqoi nav va shaklhoi janrivu uslubii toza dar dramaturgiyai Ulugzoda badi jang to raft amiq shudan girift. Namoishnomai «Juyandagon» (1951), ki mehnati geologho va romantikai onro nishon medihad, dar dramaturgiyai tojik yakumin mazhakai liriki bud. Syujeti duvvumin mazhakai u Gavhari shabcharog»(19-62) 88 muhiti zistu maishati mardumi oddi, az zindagii zanoni kirmakparvar girifta shuda bud. Tarikh ham diqqati dramanigorro ba khud kashid. Az kinopovesti «Ibni Sino» (1954, hamrohi V. Vitkovich), ki dar asosi on «Uzbekfilm» filme ba navor girift (1956), yak silsila asarhoi tarikhii tarjumaiholi dar dramaturgiyai tojik ogoz yoft. Az jumla, zindagii Abuabdullohi Rudaki dar kinosenariyai «Qismati shoir» (1957), ki studiyai «Tojikfilm» dar asosi on filme ba vujud ovard va in film dar kinofestivali kishvarhoi Osiyovu Afrika (1960) sazovori mukofoti olii «Uqobi tillo» gardid. Az rui on senariya dramai «Rudaki» (1958), ki yake az asarhoi barjastai dramaturgiyai tojik ast, ba vujud omad. Sheri Rudaki yake az muhimtarin unsurhoi zaboni in drama buda, prinsipi «asosii poetikai onro muayyan kardaast. Pesai «Allomai Adham va digaron» (1971) dar asosi fakthoi konkreti zindagiyu ejodiyoti Ahmadi Donish ba vujud omadaast. Sharoiti aqibmondagii asrimiyonagii Bukhoroi nimai duyumi asri 19, muborizai nuri marifat bo jaholat, barkhurdi aqli salimi juyanda bo ahkomi din, jahdu jadali mardumi nekkhohu mariftajuy baroi berun jastan az mahdudiyathoi diniyu milli dar markazi diqqati muallif ast. Goyai asosii «Allomai Adham va digaron» — ogoz yoftani umumiyati manavii mardumi tojiku rus, ba sui madaniyati rus mayl paydo kardani ziyoiyoni tojik ba tarzi khos ifoda yoft: dar dialogho sukhani tojiki va rusi ba ham omekhta omadaast. Digar tamoyuli muhimmi dramaturgiyai tarikhii tojik — tasviri jangovariyu qahramoni, shahomat va dilovarii vatandustonai khalq dar rohi mudofiai vatan az dramai epikshg romantikii «Temurmalik» (1968) ogoz yoft. Dar in asar muborizai ziddi istilogaroni mugul tasvir gardidaast. Shakhs va khalq, sulh va jangi hokimiyat va adlu insof, sadoqatu vafodori ba vatan va khiyonat az jumlai on problemahoi jovid ast, ki pafosi dramavii «Temurmalik»-ro muayyan kardaast. Taqlidi uslubi klassiki, nasri musajja va gayra dar sukhani personajho va baroi ifodai oburangi gunoguni emosioialii manzarahoi hayot farovon istifoda shudaand.

Soli 1980 Ulugzoda boz ba obrazi Ibni Sino ruy ovarda, avval risolae ba nomi «Piri hakimoni Mashriqzamin», bad hamrohi V. Vitkovich dramae ba unvoni «Javonii Ibni Siio»-ro ba rusi «Velikiy isselitel» — «Shifokori buzurg» (dar Teatri akademii dramai rusii ba nomi V. Mayakovskiy namoish doda shud) talif kard. Dar drama faqat ayyomi javoni va tahsili Ibni Sino dar Bukhoro tasvir lardida, zohir kardani sargahu sarchashmahoi tashakkuli shakhsiyati yak olimi ensiklopedist va jahonbinii ilmiyu grajdanii vay vazifai asosi qaror yoftaast. Bayni dramaturgiya va nasri Ulugzoda hambastagi ustuvor buda, yak sarchashmai mujazbayoni va mukhtasarguy, ki dar nasri u dida meshavad, az tajribai dramanigorist. Dar maydoni nasri badei jiddan quvva ozmudani u on goh sar shud, ki dar dramaturgiya khele tajriba ba dast ovarda bud. Az in ru imkon yoft, ki dar nasr az publisistikayu ocherk va chand hikoya (chunonchi, «Dar razmgoh» 1945; «Bachamard», 1947) yakbora ba povest guzarad. Yakumin povesti Ulugzoda «YOroni bohimmat» (1947) nishon dod, ki dar nasr dar nazdi khud vazifahoi navi ejodi guzoshta, tasviri psikhologiro ba «shaklhoi khudi hayot» nazdiktar ovarda, az unsurhoi psikhologiami romantikii aianavi dast kashidani shud. Gayr az on, vay khost, ki tasviri voqeahoi zamoni Jangi Buzurgi Vataniro az sahlangori, hashamati zohiri toza karda, hayoti jangovaron va mardumi aqibgohro bo hama jiddiyat va dushvorihoyash nishon dihad. Navjui va nazari jiddiyatomezi Ulugzoda dar nakhustin romanash—«Navobod» (1953) bar ziddi tasviri skhemaviyu sunii hayoti kolkhoz ravona gardid. Az bandi skhemahoi peshakii odati khalos shudan dushvori kard va u «Navobod»-ro 3 bor — solhoi 1949, 1950 va 1953 az nav navisht. Bo vujudi in tasiri «nazariyai bekonflikti» dar in roman hanuz hast. Masalai asosii «Navobod» obrazi kommunist va peshrafti jamiyat meboshad. Konfliktho faqat dar doirai istehsoloti kolkhozi ruy nadoda, hati shakhsi va munosibatqoi oilaviro niz faro giriftaand, ba manaviyoti mardum dakhl kardaand, bo rafti zindagi va tasiri kommuniston shuuri mehnatkashon tagyir yofta, fikru tasavvuroti onho az boqimondahoi badi zamonhoi guzashta toza shudaast. Chi faoliyati jamiyatii qahramoni asosi — kotibi tashkiloti partiyavii kolkhoz Barotovi javon va digar personajho, chi zipdagii shakhsii onho dushvorihoe doshta, bo muborizaho davom kardaast va onho dar rafti hamin muborizaho ba poyahoi navi kamoloti shakhsiyati khud rasidaand.

Ulugzoda bad az «Navobod» dar nasr ham ba tarikh mayl paydo kard.

In mayl az povesti tarjumaiholii «Subhi javonii mo» (1954) ogoz yoft. Navisanda dar in «asar ba guzashtai nazdik — ogozi rohi hayotii khud va hamsolonash, ba ibtidoi tashakkuli shuuri insoni nav ruy ovard. Digar shudani nomi prototipi qahramoni asosi va padari u, inchunin nomi mahalho va gayra dar povest bo maqsadi manoi umumi dodan ba sarguzashti qahramon va padid ovardani prosessi tarikhi va qonuniyathoi nn prosess sar zadaast. Tasviri sharoiti zindagii tojikoni Fargona dar solhoi sakhti Jangi yakumi jahoni, bo galabai Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr shuru shudani hayoti navi mehnatkashon mazmuni asosin «Subhi jazonii mo» meboshad. Sarnavishti qahramoni asosi — Sobir, khususan, badi revolyusiya bo voqeahoi kaloni tarikhi sakht aloqamand shudaast. Az in jost, ki sarguzashti Sobir khususiyathoi tipi paydo karda, tashakkuli shakhsiyati yak ziyoii tojikro dar sharoiti digargunihoi kullii revolyusioni nishon medihad.

Muhimtarin voqeahoi tarikhii okhiri asri 19, ki dar sarzamini tojikon baroi galabai Inqilobi Oktyabr sharoit tayyor karda bud, dar romani Ulugzoda «Vose» (1967) tadqiq shud. Dar dramahoe, ki Ulugzoda dar borai Rudaki, Ibni Sino, Ahmadi Donish navisht, sarguzashti ibratomuzi buzurgtarin farzandoni khalq, namoyongaroni aqlu zakovat va dili shoironai millat mavridi tadqiqi badei qaror yofta boshad, dar «Vose» peshvoi dehqononi mehnatkash qahramoni asosi gardida, khashmu gazabi ommai zulmdida va dar rohi ozodii ijtimoi qadami qati bardoshtani onho barrasi shud. Obrazi Vose yake az nuqtahoi olii tahavvuli shakhsiyati zurmand dar ejodiyoti Ulugzoda buda, quvvayu iqtidor va shukuhu azamati khalq, matonatu qatiyat, aqlu khirad va odamiyati vayro ifoda kard, shakhsi u dar yak davrai muhimmi tarikh zuhur namudani hastii khalqro dar khud inikos dod. Bo obrazi Vose daqiqan hamajonibai reshahoi khalqii kharakteri shakhsiyati barjasta, mazmuni khalqii khislatho, fikru zikr va hissiyoti qaqramon dar nasri tojik amiqtar shud. Dar ayni zamon, azbaski Ulugzoda az solhoi 30 ba tadqiqi sarnavishti namoyandagoni barjastai madaniyati tojik mashgul bud, inknshofi adabiyoti maorifparvarpi tojikro omukhta, bo nomi «Ahmadi Donish» yak monografiya ham ba tab rasonda bud (1940), dar romani «Vose» imkon yoft, ki bayni afkori ijtimoiyu siyosii maorifparvaron va shurishi dehqonon yak rishtai payvand oshkor sozad. Dar romani purvusati «Firdavsi» (1986) mujazbayonii Ulugzoda boz ham takmil yofta, bo tasviri barjastai lavhahoi khurd mazmuni ijtimoivu siyosii zamon va muhimtarin jihathoi kharaktori inson khele mukammal ifoda yoft.

Bo chashmi amiqbin nigaristan ba zindagii khalq va mohiyati tarikhii khurdtarin padidahoi hastii uro justan az muhimtarin khususiyathoi ajodkorii Ulugzoda ast. Nasru dramaturgiya va kinodramaturgiyai vay lahzahoi asosii tamomi tarikhi duru darozi khalqi tojikro az asri 7, az zamoni istiloi Khilofati arab (povesti «Rivoyati surdi», 1975) to revoltsiyai Oktyabr va zamoni hozira faro giriftaast.

Nigohi tarikhii Ulugzoda faqat bo hayoti khalqi khud mahdud nest. Inro az hayati internasionalii personajhoi baze asarhoi dramaturgiya va nasri u didan mumkin ast. Mazmuni hikoyai «Margi Hofiz» (1972) az tarikhi Hind girifta shudaast. Vusati doirai nazari u az faoliyati tarjumoniash niz malum ast. Solhoi 1932—50 baze asarhoi asosguzoroni marksizm – leninizmro ba tojiki tarjuma va tahrir kardaast. Tarjumai «Zambur»-i Etel Lilian Voynich (tahriri duyumash «Gurmagas», 1982), «Don Kikhot»-i Servantes, «Til Ulenshpigel»-i Sharl de Koster, «Hamlet» va «Yakpula savdo — sadpula gavgo»-i U. Shekspir, «Khizmatgori du khoja»-i K. Goldoni, «Gunahkoroni begunoh»-i A. N. Ostrovokiy, «Egor Bulichyov va digaron»-i M. Gorkiy va boz chandin asarhoi digar az osori dramaturghoi jahon va soveti ba qalami u taalluq dorad.

Deputati Soveti Olii Respulikai Soveti Sotsialistii Tojikiston (davathoi 2—5). Solhoi 1961—63 uzvi Prezidiumi Soveti Olii Respulikai Soveti Sotsialistii Tojikiston, solhoi 1943—71 uzvi Pravleniyai Ittifoqi Navisandagoni SSSR bud. Bo se ordeni Bayraqi Surkhi Mehnat, du ordeni «Nishoni Fakhri», medalho va Gramo- tahoi fakhrii Prezidiumi Soveti Olii Respulikai Soveti Sotsialistii Tojikiston sarfaroz gardidaast. Khodimi Khizmatnishondodai sanati Respulikai Soveti Sotsialistii Tojikiston (1962). Az soli 1934 uzvm Ittifoqi Navisandagoni SSSR.

Osor: Asoshoi muntakhab, jildi 1—4, Dushanbe, 1987— 78; Muntakhabot, jildi 1—2, 1982; Edinenie. Izbrannoe stati i ocherki, Dushanbe, 1983.

Adabiyot: Shukurov M., Nasri solhoi 1945—1974, dar kitobi: Tarikhi adabiyoti sovetii tojik. Inkishofi janrho, jildi 4, Dushanbe, 1980; Demidchik L. N., Tadjikskaya dramaturgiya 40—50 godov, Dushanbe, 1985.       L. Demidchik, M. Shukurov.