ShVESIYa

ShVESIYa, Shohii Shvesiya (Konungariket Sverige), davlatest dar Evropai Shimoli. dar nimjaz. Skandinaviya. Masoh. 450 haz. km3. Aholiash 8,5 mln naf. (1985); shvedho qarib 95%; aholii shahri 81%’. Zaboni davlati — shvedi. Kalisoi davlati lyuterani. Ba 24 vohidi mamuri (lena) taqsim shudaast. Poytakhtash sh. Stokgolm. Sokhti davlati monarkhini konstitusionist. Sardori davlat — shoh. Organi olii qonunbaror — riksdag.

Shvesiya dar hududi sipari Baltika voqe gashta, relefash asosan aa pahnkuhho, teppazor va hamvoriho iborat ast; dar shimol va garb k-hoi Skandinaviya (to 2123 m, k. Kebne-kayse) joygir shudaand. Iqlimash mutadil, az bahri ba kontinenta guzaranda ast. Daryohoyash ostonador buda, doroi manbai kaloni gidroenergetikiand; kulhoi bisyore dorad. 55% hududi mamlakat beshazor ast (asosan beshahoi suzanbarg, dar shimol — tundra).

Dar zamondoi qadim dar hududi Shveysiya qabilahoi germani zindagi mekardand. Dar a-hoi 8—11 shvedho dar yurishi vikingho ishtirok kardaand. Dar a. 11 davlati yagonai shohii Shvesiya barpo shud. Dar a-hoi 12— 14 feodalhoi Shvesiya. Fnilyandnyaro zabt kardand (to 1809 ba Shvesiya tobe bud). Hujumi shvedho baroi zabti zaminhoi Novgorod dar miyonai a. 13 az tarafi Aleksandr Nevskiy bargardonida shud. Muttahidshavii Shvesiya bo Daniya va Norvegiya (uniyai Kalmar) s. 1397 Shvesiyaro ba tobeiyati Daniya ovarda rasond va s. 1523 Shvesiya (dar ahdi Gustavi 1 Vaze) az in tobeiyat purra ozod shud. S-hoi 30 a. 16 re-formasiyai lyuterani guzaronida shud. Aa miyonai a. 16 va khususan dar a. 17 Shvesiya. (dar ahdi Gustavi II Adolf) baroi hukmroni dar b. Baltika jang mekard; s-hoi 1558—83 dar jangi Livon, dar intervensiya ba ziddi davlati Rus (avv. a. 17), jangi Sisolai 1618—48, dar jangho bo Polsha, Daniya, Rossiya dar nimai duyumi a. 17 ishtirok kardaast. Hujumi Karli XII ba Rossiya dar janghoi Shimolii s-hoi 1700—1721 bo shikasti qushunhoi Shvesiya anjom yoft; Hududi bisyorero az dast doda, hamchun davlati buzurg dar b. Baltika mavqei khudro gum kard. Dar ibt. a. 19, dar janghoi Napoleon, Shvesiya tarafdori koalidsiyai ziddifransiyavi gardid. Muvofiqi shartnomai sulhi Kil (1814) Norvegiya ba ikhtiyori Shvesiya guzasht. Norvegiya bo zurii yaroq majbur shud, ki in shartnomaro etirof kunad. S. 1809 islohoti burjuazi guzaronida, konstitusiya qabul karda shud. To ibt. a. 20 dar sari davlat konservatorho meistodand. S-hoi 1905—1906 hukumati liberali, 1920— sosial-demokrati (Partiyai c.-d., tasisash (1889) tashkil yoftand. S-hoi 1932—76 s.-d-ho muntazam dar sari hokimiyat budand. S. 1917 partiyai kommunisti tasis yoft. Dar janghoi yakum va duyumi jahoni Shvesiya betarafiro nigoh, dosht. Bad az jangi duyumi jahoni dar siyosati beruni prinsipi ba blokhoi harbiyu siyosi ishtirok nakardanro ba uhda girift. Az 1924 bo SSSR aloqai diplomati dorad.

Shvesiya mamlakati mutaraqqii industriyaviyu kapitaliste ast; beshtar az 1% mahsuloti sanoati jahoni kapitalistiro istehsol mekunad. Dar iqtisodiyotash monopoliyaho hukmronand. Ba khorija kapitali bisyore mebarorad. Dar bozori beruni qarib nisfi mahsuloti sanoati furukhta meshavad. Dar sanoat va sokhtmon 42% aholii qobili mehnat band ast. Sanoat 33%, kh. q. 5% mahsuloti umumii milliro medihad. Istehsoli energiyai elektrik 114,6 mlrd kVts (1984), asosan GES-ho medihand. Yakchand st. elektrikii atomii kalon sokhta shudaast. Madani ohan (18 mln t, 1984) va metallhoi ranga istikhroj mekunad. Sohahoi muhimmi sanoat: sanoati jangal, metallurgiyai bosifat, korkardi metall va moshinsozi, kishtisozi, avtomobilsozi. samolyotsozi, istehsoli sharikopodshipnikho, sanoati elektrotekhniki, korkardi chub va sellyulozayu qogaz. Dar kh. q. chorvodorii gushtu shirdeh bartari dorad (3/4 qismi mahsuloti moli). Bandarhoi asosiash: Gyoteborg, Stokgolm, Luleo. Tuli r. o. 12 haz. (az jumla 62% elektrikonida shudaast), rohhoi avtomobilgard 112 haz. km. Ba vositai rohi ohan va parom bo Daniya, RDG va RFG aloqa dorad. Ba khorija asosan moshin, kishti, chubu qogaz va harguna metall mebarorad. Bo RFG, Britaniyai Kabir, Norvegiya, Daniya, Finlyandiya aloqai tijorati dorad. Turizmi khoriji (solonaash 3—4 mln naf.) rivoj yoftaast. Vodidi pul — kronai shvedi.