SAFAVIYON

SAFAVIYON, sulolai shohoni davlate, ki dar Sharqi Miyona va Nazdik solhoi 1502—1736 hukm rondaand. Aslan az turkoni Ozarboyjoni Eronand. Asosguzorash — Ismoili I Safavi. Safaviyon davlathoi khurdi hududi Eron — Oqquyunlu, Qaroquyunlu, Shervonshohro muttahid va saltanati mutlaqi feodali barpo kardand. Safaviyon dar natijai siyosati faolonai dokhili va beruni hududhoi davlati Eronro khele vase namudand. Ba hayati davlati . Safaviyon Eron, Ozarboyjon, qismi Armanistonu Gurjiston, Kur- diston, Luriston, qismi ziyodi Afgonistoni hozira (ba gayr az viloyati Balkh), Iroqi Arab bo Bagdod dokhil meshudand. Solhoi avvali hukmronii Safaviyon ashrofoni kaloni harbii 7 qabilai turkizaboni qizilbosh: shomlu, rumlu, ustojlu, turkoman, zulqadar, afshor va qojor takyagohi asosii Safaviyon budand.
Siyosati dokhili va berunai davlati Safaviyon ba manfiati ashrofoni qabilahoi qizilbosh nigaronda shuda bud. Onho dar hayoti siyosi mavqei muhim doshtand va ba mansabhoi masuli mamuriyu harbi tain meshudand. Dar hayoti iqtisodi va madanii davlati Safaviyon eroniyon tasiri ziyode rasondand. Poytakhti davlati Safaviyon to nimai asri 16— Tabrez, bad Qazvin va az soli 1598 shahri Isfahon bud. Zaboni rasmii davlati — forsi va zaboni ahli darbor — forsivu turki ba hisob meraft. Mazhabi davlatii . Safaviyon shiai duvozdahimomi bud. Ruhoniyoni shia shohoni Safaviyonro himoya mekardand. Shakli mamuli zamindorii feodali dar davlati Safaviyon tiyul buda, muvaqqatan ba feodaloni qi- zilbosh doda meshud. Tiyuli davrai Safaviyon ba iqtoi asrhoi 10—14 monand ast (nigared, Iqto). Ammo zamindorii feodalii merosi niz vujud dosht, ki onro suyurgol menomidand. Muvofiqi malumoti «Tazkirat-ul-muluk* tanosubi suyurgol nisbat ba tiyul 1 bar 40 bud. Solhoi 60—70 asri 16 sabukihoi nochizi andozie, ki Ismoili I jori karda bud, bekor karda shuda, istismori hunarmandoni shahr va dehqonon afzud. Ziyodshavii andozho boisi shurishi ziddifeodalii aholii Gelon (1570—1571) va hunarmandonu kambagaloni Tabrez (1571—1573) shud. Badi margi Tahmosii I hukmroni 1524—1576) davlati Safaviyon boz ba parokandigi duchor shuda, dar amal ba mulkhoi ziyod va mustaqili amironi qizilbosh taqsim gasht. Dar nohiyahoi gunoguni Eron khurujhoi ziyodi ziddifeodalii dehqonon ba amal omadand. Solhoi 1580—1584 bo sardorii Qalandar shurishi kaloni dehqonon ba amal omad, ki onro feodalon bo dushvori pakhsh namudand. Az vaziyati vaznini dokhilii davlati Safaviyon istifoda burda, Turkiya muvaqqatan viloyathoi shimoli — garbii Eron, feodaloni uzbek Khurosonro zeri dast kardand. Khatari paro- kandashavii davlati Safaviyon qismi ziyodi feodaloni qizilboshro majbur kard, ki dar atrofi shohi javon Abbosi I (solhoi hukmroniash 1587—1629;. Abbosi Kabir) muttahid shavand. Abbosi 1 bo quvvai yaroq Eroni Safaviro az nav muttahid kard. Dar natijai sarkub va mute namudani feodaloni sarkash va qisman musodira kardani mulkhoi onho masohati zamini davlati va podshohi khele afzud. Daromad az in zaminho ba Abbosm I imkon dod, ki islohoti harbi, mamuri va andozi guzaronad va davlati Safaviyonro mustahkam namoyad Ba joi sipohiyoni peshinai qabilavi armiyai nav tashkil karda, onro bo yaroqi otashfishon musallah namud. Armiyai mazkur az se qism — sarbozoni yakkachini shoh, tufangchiyon va tupchiyon (jam 44 hazor sarboz) iborat bud. Asosi onro aholii mahalli tashkil medod. Dar natijai islohoti mamuri mamlakat ba 13 muzofoti kalon (beklarbeki) taqsim gardid, qi onhoro beklarbekho idora mekardand. Onho hokimoni mamuri va harbi ba hisob meraftand. Hokimiyati markazi bar beklarbekho nazorati qati meburd, Shoh Abbosi 1 ba maqsadi nigoh doshtani qobiliyati andozdihii aholi baze andozro kam va bazeashro muvaqqatan barham dod. Islohoti harbi, mamuri va andozii Abbosi I ba tagyiryobii tarkibi siyosii davlati Safaviyon ovarda rasond. Roli ashrofoni qabilahoi qizilbosh khele sust shuda, mavqei eroniyon dar hayoti siyosii davlati Safaviyon afzud. Abbosi I siyosati faolonai beruni burda, dar Garb bo Turkiya jangida, dar Sharq ba feodaloni uzbek shikast dod va Ozarboyjon, Khurosonu Iroqi Arabro az nav ba davlati Safaviyon hamroh kard. Safaviyon dar avvali asri 16 portugalihoro az jazirahoi Bahrayn ronda, mustaqiliyati Eronro dar sohilhoi shimolii khaliji Fors tamin namudand. Dar natija okhiri asri 16— avvali asri 17 iqtidori iqtisodi va siyosii davlati Safaviyon af- zuda, Eron ba yake az purquvvattarin davlathoi Sharqi Miyona va Nazdik tabdil yoft. Dar in vaqt iqtidori Eron purzur gardid. Davlati Safaviyon dar in davra bo Rossiya, mamlakathoi Evropa va kishvarhoi Sharq munosibathoi vasei tijorati va diplomati dosht. Siyosati faolonai dokhili va berunii Safaviyon kharji ziyodero talab mekard va boisi afzudani istismori feodali gardid. Badi margi Abbosi 1 tiyul ba mulkhoi merosii feodalon tabdil yofta, qismi ziyodi zaminhoi davlati va podshohi ba ikhtiyori feodalon guzasht, inchunin khudsarii amaldoroni davlati va podshohi avj girifta, davlati Safaviyon az jihati iqtisodiyu siyosi ru ba tanaz- zul nihod. Aholi qashshoq gardida, shurishhoi kaloni ziddifeodalii aholii Gelon (1629), Qazvip (1632) va gayra sar zadand. Tanazzuli davlati Safaviyon dar davrai hukmronii shoh Sulton Husayn (solhoi hukmroniash 1694—1722) avj girift. Dar in davra andozho 2—3 barobar afzuda, mamlakat duchori nizohoi feodali gardid. Qabilahoi ziddisafavii shurishgari afgon (1709—1722) bo sardorii Mir Vays soli 1722 poytakhti davlati Safaviyon — shahri Isfahonro zeri dast kardand. Zakavkaziya va qismp garbii Eronro Turkiya istilo namud. Tahmosii 11 (solhoi hukmroniash 1722—1732) viloyathoi Nazdikaspiyro ba Rossiya guzasht kard. Dar muboriza ba muqobili afgonho va turkho sarlashkari Safaviyon – Nodir faoliyati benazir nishon doda, dar amal sohibi takhtu toj shud. Qurultoi feodalon yanvari 1736 dar dashti Mugon jam omada ba joi Abbosi 111 (solhoi hukmroniash 1732—1736) Nodirro shoh intikhob nashud. Hamin tavr hukmronii ziyoda az 200-solai sulolai Safaviyon dar Eron ba okhir rasid. Shohoni sulolai Safaviyon : Ismoili I (1502—1524), Tahmosii I (1524—1576), Ismoili II (1576—1577), Muhammadi Khudobanda (1578—1587), Abbosi I (1587—1629), Safii I (1629 —1642), Abbosi II (1642—1666), Sulaymon (1666—1694), Sultonhusayn (1694 —1722), Tahmosii II (1722—1732, Abbosi III (1732—1736).
Adabiyot: B u sh e v P. Pm Istoriya posolstv i diplomaticheskikh otnosheniy Russkogo i Iranskogo gosudarstv v 1586 —1612 godov, Moskva, 1976; Babaev K., Voennaya reforma shakha Abbasa I (1587—1629).
— «Vestnik Moskovskiy Gosudarstvenniy Universitet». Seriya’ Vostokovedenie,1973, N 1; hamon muallif, K Khasse («lichnie zemelnie vladeniya) shakh Abbasa I (1587—1629).— «Vestnik Moskovskiy Gosudarstvenniy Universitet ». Seriya Vostokovedenie, 1973, №2. I. Boboev.