REALIZM dar adabiyot

REALIZM dar a d a b i yo t va s a n a t, metodi ejodist, ki voqeiyatro tavassuti obrazho, vositahoi tasvir, tipi va fardi gardonidani ruydodhoi hayot haqqoni inikos menamoyad. Dar nazariyai marksisti-leninii sanat oid ba Realizm aqidai yagonae, ki mazmunu vusati in mafhumro faro megirifta boshad, vujud nadorad. Az bayni andeshahoi gunogune, ki doir ba Realizm ba miyon omadaand, du konsepsiyai asosiro judo kardan mumkin ast. Konsep-siyai yakum darajai Realizmi asar va ejodiyoti badoii davrai muayyanro ba tarzi munosibati sanatkor ba hayot, darki badeii masalahoi muhimmi ijtimoi vobasta medonad.

Az in ru Realizm metodi ejodiest, ki dar davrahoi gunoguni inkishofi adabiyot va sanat az shaklhoi soddavu nomukammal ba shaklhoi murakkabu komil rasidaast. Muvofiqi in konsepsiya, ki ba sanati nafisa asos yoftaast, Realizm» khususiyati tabiii sanat buda, ba tamomi tamoyulot va padidahoi ejodi badei khos ast.

Az rui konsepsiyai duyum Realizm  shakli tarikhan va nisbatan konkreti tafakkuri badeist. In konsepsiya ba bahoi Engels: «…Realizm, gayr az tasviri haqqonii juziyot, tasviri haqqonii kharakterhoi tipiro dar vaziyathoi tipi dar nazar dorad» (Karl Marks i Fridrikh Engels ob iskusstve, tom 1, Moskva, 1957, stranisa 60) purra muvofiq meoyad. Muhimtarin prinsipi estetikii Realizm inikosi haqqonii voqeiyat ast. Inikosi voqeiyat bar khilofi tasviri shartiyu mujarrad va ramziyu majozi, ki ba metodhoi badeii (nigared, Metodi badei) klassitsizm, romantizm, simvolizm khos ast va tasviri naturalistii juziyot (nigared, Naturalizm) fahmida meshavad. Vale Realizm  yak nav qolabi tagyirnopazire nest. Shaklhoi barkamoli Realizm (masalan, Realizmi tanqidi va Realizmi sotsialisti) gayr az inikosi hayot «dar shaklhoi hayot» dar mavridhoi muvofiq asotir, ramzu majoz va rivoyatu afsonahoro niz dar bar megirad. Realizm  ofaridani tiphoero (nigared, Tip) taqozo mekunad, ki dar ayni zamon fardhoi muayyani ijtimoi boshand. Az in ru ba shaklhoi barkamoli Realizm tipi va fardi gardonidani kharakterho khos meboshad. Inikosi obektivii haqiqati hayot yake az prinsiphoi khosi Realizm buda, na tanho monandii zohirii predmeti tasvirro bo voqeahoi zindagi, balki haqqoniyati idrok va inikosi mohiyati hayot, ahamiyati ijtimoii goyai asarro niz ba etibor megirad. Sanatkori realist bo qaydu sharhi ruydodhoi zindagi qanoat nakarda, ba onho az mavqe va jahonbinii muayyan nazdik meshavad. Binobar on asoshoi sinfiyat va khalqiyati ejodiyoti san-atkoroni barjastayu realist barqaror ast. Dar adabiyoti realisti munosibathoi murakkabi ijtimoii inson, jahoni manavii u, kharakterhoi barjasta, tasir va munosibathoi mutaqobilai vaziyatu kharakterhoi tipi inikos meshavand. Adabiyoti realisti konflikthoi amiqi hayoti doshta, voqeiyati pur az tazodhoi maishi, akhloqi va ijtimoiro ba tasvir megirad, hayotro dar musodamahoi dramatiki, bo padidahoi fojiaviyu mazhakavii on nishon medihad. Haqiqati hayot dar osori realistoni haqiqi payvasta bo muhabbat nisbat ba inson, hamdardi ba gamu anduh va badbakhtihoi u namudor megardad.

Yake az omilhoi muhime, ki Realizmro hamchun metod muayyan mekunad, uslubi asar ast. Az in jo zaboni navisandai realist manzarai zaboni adabii zamoni u va zaboni har yake az personajhoi asarash zaboni guftuguii muhiti onhoro bo tamomi nozukivu tobishhoyash jilvagar mekunad. Asrhoi ziyode mafhumi haqiqati hayot ba prinsiphoe, ki minbad khosi metodi Realizm gardidand, mu-vofiqat namekard. Taqriban to asri 18— ibtidoi asri 19 syujeti epos va dramai adabiyoti jahon dar asosi asotiri atiqi, rivoyoti kitobhoi dini, afsonahoi asrimiyonagi inkishof meyoft. Hatto voqeahoi tarikhi guzashta dar sabki asotiru rivoyoti afsonavi naql meshudand. «Illiada» va «Odisseya»-i Gomer, «Shoh Edip»-i Sofokl, «Ifigeniya dar Avlida»-i Evripid, «Mahabha-rata», «Shohnoma»-i Firdavsi, dostonhoi Nizomi, «Palanginapush»-i Rustaveli, «Mazhakai ilohi»-i Dante, harchand dar tasviri qahramonon va sharoitu vaziyati amaliyoti onho az unsurhoi reali ori nestand, va-le az rui prinsiphoi tasvir onhoro ba Realizm mansub donistan ravo nest. Dar lirika mabdai romantiki mavqei asosi dosht.

Dar adabiyot va sanati davrai Ehyo (Ehyoi Garb) nazari sanat-koron na ba voqeoti harruzai zindagi, balki ba jambastu khulosahoi falsafiyu badeii doroi kharakteri umumibashari jalb meshud. (Bok~ kachcho, Choser). Syujethoi qadima mazmuni nav girifta, baroi ifo-dai idealhoi gumanizm khizmat kardand (Shekspir). Az navisandagoni davrai klassisizm az hama beshtar Moler ba voqeiyati zamoni khud nazdik omada, tiphoi barjastai ijtimoivu akhloqi ofarid va asoshoi avvalini realizmi maorifparvarii asri 18-ro ba miyon ovard. Dar davrai maorifparvari namunahoi barjastai sanati tasviri niz ba vujud omadand (osori J. B. S. Sharden, J. B. Gryoe, J. A. Gudon dar Fransiya, U. Hogart dar Angliya, D. N. Khodoveskiy dar Germaniya). Romantizmi okhiri asri 18— ibtidoi asri 19-i Garb voqeoti gayrioddiro az nav predmeti tasvir qaror doda, adabiyotro az voqeiyat dur burd. Vale romantizm bo tasviroti emosionalii purehtirosash jahoni botinii insonro oshkor karda, dar tashakkuli Realizmi asri 19 roli muhim bozid. Realizmi tanqidi, ki metodi asosii ejodiyoti navisandagoni barjastai asri 19 bud, bo romantizm payvastagii qavi dosht. Vale Realizm ba hayoti ijtimoii davr amiqtar nazar dukhta, tashakkuli kharakterho, psikhologiyai insomro vobasta ba muhit daqiqtar ba tasvir girift. Stepdal, G. Flober, O. Balzak, Ch. Dikkens, N. V. Gogol manzarahoi hayoti jamiyati burjuaziro bo tamomi fisqu fasod, riyovu makr va akhloqi vayronash inikos kardand. Nimai duyumi asri 19 dar ejodiyoti Lev  Nikolaevich Tolstoy, Anton  Pavlovich Chekhov, Fedor M. Dostoevskiy, I. S. Turgenev realizmi tanqidi goyahoi balandi insondusti va gumanizmi oliro doro shud. In jihati ejodiyoti onho okhiri asri 19— ibtidoi asri 20 dar osori Maksim Gorkiy va R. Rollan vusat girift. Realizm dar zamoni hozira metodi peshbarandai adabiyot va sanati progressivii jahon gardidaast.

Agar nazariyai Realizm  bar dastovardhoi adabiyoti Garb va rus asos yofta boshad, makhsusiyathoi tashakkulya metodi Realizm dar adabiyothoi Sharq to imruz ba darajai zaruri tadqiq nashudaast. Unsurhoi Realizm  dar adabiyoti Sharq niz dar tuli asrhoi ziyod ta-shakkul va inkishof yoftaand. Dar adabiyothoi Yaponiya va Khitoy ogozi tashakkuli Realizm  ba paydoishi unsurhoi kapitalizm dar in mamlakatho vobasta donista shudaast (N. I. Konrad). Dar in adabiyotho va adabiyothoi mutaraqqii Sharq, az jumla dar adabiyoti Eron, Hinduston va adabiyothoi Sharqi Soveti az nimai asri19 realizmi maorifparvari va dar qisme az in adabiyotho (gurji, ozarboyjoni, armani) okhiri asri 19—avvali asri 20 realizmi tanqidi shakl girift. Dar adabiyothoi Sharqi khoriji, az jumla dar adabiyoti Yaponiya, Hinduston, Eron, Turkiya, makhsusan dar nasr realizmi tanqidi ba metodi asosii ejodiyoti navisandagoni progressivi tabdil yoftaast.

Adabiyoti klassikii fors-tojik bar metodi romantizm asos yofta bud. Vale dar ejodiyoti namoyandagoni barjastai on janbai realisti va unsurhoi Realizm  niz mavqei namoyon doshtand. Dar osori boqimondai Rudaki va hamasroni u, ki asosan az lirika iborat ast, unsurhoi Realizmro dar tasvirhoi realii holathoi konkreti hayoti, ifodai hissiyoti muayyani fardi ijtimoi didan mumkin ast. Bo vujudi in dar lirikai ishqi va mahramonai shoironi asri 10 qahramoni liriki va mukhotab (aksar mashuqa) va dar ashori madehavii onho mamduh doroi kharakteri ideali meboshad. Dar in sherho tasviru ruhi romantiki bar janbai realistivu voqei tasallut dorad. Vale dar lirikai ijtimoii asri 10 to andozae shakhsiyati doroi kharakteri reali ba tasvir omadaast. Tarzi tasviri shakhsiyat niz dar sheri in davra ba Realizm  nazdik ast. «Shohnoma»-i Abulqosimi Firdavsi, ki asari romantikii qahramoni buda, qismi ziyodash az asotir omadaast, niz az unsurhovu tamoyuloti rea-listi sarshor meboshad. «Dar obrazho, dar qismathoi mufassali sarguzashti», «…dar tavajjuhi shoir nisbat ba juziyoti maishat, tafsiloti mukhtasar, dar istifodai tashbehotu tavsifote, ki aksarashon asosi hayoti va khalqi dorand, niz mayli Firdavsi ba tasviri aniqi realisti zohir gardidaast  (X. A. Starikov, Firdousi i ego poena «Shakhname». Dar kit.:      Firdousi, Shakhname, tom I, Moskva, 1957, stranisa 556). Dar «Shohnoma» monologu dialoghoe, ki baroi purratar va barjastatar nishon dodani kharakter, psikhologiya va dunyoi botinni qahramonon omadaand, nihoyat bisyorand va tamoyuli realistii asarro purzur mekunand. Shakhsiyati Rustami Doston dar «Shohnoma» na tanho bo jangu kornomahoi favquloddai u, inchunin dar mukolama va mulohizahoyash niz oshkor megardad. Qismi «Khashm giriftani Kovus bar Rustam» az dostoni «Rustam va Suhrob» daleli in fikr ast. Dar in qism shakhsiyati Rustamu Kovus na az naqli shoir, balki zimni inkishofi fabulai doston zuhur karda, dar raftoru guftori onho ifoda meshavad, ki in beshubha, az unsurhoi Realizmi «Shohnoma» ast. Dar «Shohnoma» unsurhoi tasviri vaziyathoi tipi (masalan, vazi Rustam badi zakhmi kori zadan bar Suhrob), shakhsiyathoi murakkab, az qabili Piron, Siyovush, Gushtosp, Gurgin, Mohui Suri va gayra bisyorand, ki az tamoyuloti realistii asar guvohi medihand. Dar dostonhoi lirikiyu epikii Nizomi va Khusravi Dehlavi unsurhoi Realizm dar taammuqi psikhologizm, tasviri sah-nahoi zindagii davr va juziyoti maishi zohir megardad. «Guliston», «Buston» va gazaliyoti Sadi asosi mutamadi voqei dorand va uro hamchun adibi «vuquguy» (Ayni) maruf gardonidaand. Hofiz dar baze az gazaliyotash nuqsonhoi zamonashro bo khitobahoi puralam fosh namudaast («In chi shurest, ki dar davri qamar mebinam»), ki ba tasviri haqiqati hayot nazdikand.

Minbad ulsurqoiRealizm  dar adabiyoti shahr va doirahoi hunarmandi, makhsusan dar ejodiyoti Sayidoi Nasafi inkishof yofta, beshtar dar tasviri juziyoti ruzgoru maishati ahli hunar zohir megardad. Dar adabiyoti asri 19 makhsusan dar ejodiyotya Ahmadi Donish realizmi maorifparvari shakl girifta, ananahoi on dar nazmu nasr to solhoi 30 asri 20 idoma yoft. Inkishofi Realizm dar tamomi davrahoi tahavvuli adabiyoti tojik bo jihathoi khalqiyat, ruhi gumanisti robitai zich dorad.

Dar tashakkuli metodi Realizm dar adabiyoti sovetii tojik tasiri adabiyoti rus va makhsusan ejodiyoti Anton Chekhov, Lev Tolstoy, Maksim Gorkiy nihoyat kalon ast. Dar adabiyoti tojik chun dar aksari adabiyothoi Osiyoi Miyona realizmi tanqidi purra shakl nagirift, harchand baze unsurhoi on dar realizmi maorifparvari zohir gardid. Badi galabai Revolyutsiyai  Kabiri  Sotsialistii Oktyabr adabiyoti sovetii tojik asosan bo metodi realizmi sotsialisti inkishof yoft.

Adabiyot: Marks Karl i Engels Fridrikh, Ob iskusstve. Sbornik statey, 3 izdanie, tom I—2, Moskva, 1067; Lenin Vladimir Ilich. 0 literature i iskustve Sbornik statey, Moskva, 1969; Shodiqulov Q., Realizmi tanqidi, Dushanbe, 1970; B el i n s k i y V. G., Polnoe sobranie sochineniy v 10 tomakh, Moskva, 1953—56; D n e p r o v V., Problemi realizma, Leningrad, 1960; P e t r o v S. M., Realizm, Moskva, 1964; Problemi stanovleniya realizma v literaturakh Vostoka, Mokva, 1964; Konrad N. I., Zapad i Vostok, Moskva 1972; Gadjiev A„ Romantizm i realizm, Baku, 1972; h a m o n  m u a l lif Realizm v literaturakh Sovetskogo Vostoka, Baku, 1978; Problemi realizma v literaturakh narodov Sovetskogo Vostoka, Baku, 1974; N i k o l ae v P. A„ Realizm kak tvorcheskiy metod, Moskva„ 1975; Istoki, formirovanie i razvitiya realizma v literaturakh sovetskogo Vostoka, Tashkent, 1976; Anisimov I. N„ Sovremennie problemi realizma, Moskva„ 1977.

A. Abdumannonov.