PROGRAMMASOZI

PROGRAMMASOZI, prosessi paydarpayyu munazzam tartib dodani amalho (programmaho) baroi kompyuterho; sohai ilmist, ki program­mai hisobmoshinho va tarzu usu­li tartib dodan, sanjidan va mukammal kardani onhoro meomuzad.

Har yak hisobmoshin avtomati khotiradorero memonad, khotirai on az olati hifzi, olati idorakuni va olati arifmetiki tashkil yoftaast va dar on baze amalho ijro khohand shud. Khotira az yacheykahoi pay dar payi raqamdor iborat meboshad, ki dar har kadomi on goyai akhbori dui dar shakli silsilai sifru vohid mahfuz ast. Kori avtomatii kompyuter, ki az rui programma idora karda meshavad, az takthoi pay dar pay iborat ast. In voya chun amr tafsir meshavad, yane dasturi olati arifmetiki baroi ijroi yagon amal me­boshad. Odatan dar hisobmoshinho operatsiyaho chunin surat megirand, ki akhboroti mafhum az yacheykahoi khotira ba olati arimetiki doda meshavad, to ki on amali lozimaro ijro karda, natijaro ba yacheykai khotirai matlub bifiristad va raqami yacheykai amri soniro ba olati idorakuni khabar dihad. Baze amalhoe, ki hisobmoshin ijro mekunad, bagoyat soddaand, ya­ne az amalhoi arifmetiki va mantiqi, qiyosi runavis kardani voyai akhborot va gayra iboratand. Voqean, ba­roi hisobmoshinho amrhoi moshini (programma) tavre tartib doda meshavand, ki onho az khotirai moshin ba navbat baromada, dar halli masala ishtirok mekunand va nihoyat natijai matlub medidand.

Roli Programmasozi hanuz dar maktab hangomi ba tariqi majmui savolho tar­tib dodani «plani halli» masalai arifmetiki ba vuqu meoyad. Farqiyati kullii Programasozii haqiqi az Programmasozi tajribai maktabi dar on ast, ki programma odatan na yak, balki yakchand paydarpayii amalho (shokhaho)- ro pesh meguzorad va intikhobi on az qimati natijahoi mobaynii halli masalaho vobasta ast; zimni on miqdori takrorkunihoi darkoriro avtomati muayyan namuda, baze guruhi amalhoro chand karata ijro mekunad yo khud metavonad az rui amri voqei ba rafti jarayoni kor tagyirot darorad.

Khususiyati digari Programmasozi dushvorii tartib dodani on ast. Chunonchi, hajmi aksariyati programmahoi re­ali az hazorho amr iborat boshad, miqdori amalhoi ijroshavanda dahho millionhoro tashkil medihad. Chunin hajmi kor dar barobari sodda budani kharakteri amrhoi moshini Programmasoziro baso murakkab va prosessi ijrot onro baso yakrang megardonad.

Bo maqsadi bartaraf kardani chunin tazod prosessi Programmaro zina ba zina tartib dodaand, ki har yak zinai on az aniq namudani juziyoti plani halli masala iborat ast. Ba gayr az in, agar qoidai sharht plani halli masala dar yagon zina saheh, formali va universali boshad, on goh dar borai mavjudiyati yagon zaboni Programmasozi, ki hangomi tartib dodani programma is­tifoda khozad shud, sukhan rondan mumkin megardad.

Zabonhoi Programmasozi chun jadidtarin tar­zi bayoni sahehi masala baroi hisobmoshinho dar inkishofi Programmasozi roli bagoyat muhim bozidand. Az jumla, onho imkoniyat medidand, ki Programmasozi dar zisobmoshinho chun prosessi guzaronidan az «yak zabon» ba zaboni digar — «zaboni moshin» tafsil shavad. Agar qoidahoi in guna saheh guzaronidan daryofta va tafsir kar­da shavad, pas qoidahoi mazkurro dar kompyuterho programmonidan mumkin ast.

Prosessi Programmasozi odatan az zinahoi zerin iborat ast;

Guzorishi masala

Bayoni algoritmi masala

Solhoi okhir yak qator zabonhoi Programmasozi ba vujud omadand, ki tavassuti on­ho masalahoi gunogunro programmonidan mumkin ast, Masalan, baroi halli masalahoi ilmivu injeneri zaboni ba nom fortran, baroi hisobu kitobi masalahoi iqtisodiyot kobol, baroi sokhtani modelhoi matematiki simula va zabonhoi universalii hisobmoshinho algol —68 (nig. Algol), PL/1 va gaqra ba miyon omadand. Translyatorhoi kompyuterhoi dar kado­mi in zabonho vobasta ba navi masala programmai halli maslaro avtomati az nav tartib medihand. Ba sifati zabont Programmasozi dara­jai baland beshtar b l o k — skhemahoro istifoda mebarand. Badi tartib dodani programma marhilai muhim «sanjidani» khatoho meboshad, ki onhoro motavon oshkor va isloh namud. Programmaho vobasta ba navi hisobmoshin bo perfoqarta yo navori magniti kodonida shu­da, bad bo yorii tajhizoti makhsus ba hisobmoshin dokhoil karda meshavand. Programmasozi hamchun fan az soli 1947 dar asosi tadqiqoti matematikonni amerikoi J. Neymap, A. Berks; G. Goldstayn inkishof yoft. Dar inkishofi on matematikoni soveti A. A. Lyapunov, S. S. Kaminin, E. 3.

Lyu­bimskiy. M. R. Shura-Bura, A. P. Er­shov va digaron niz sahmi kalon guzoshtaand.

Ad.: K n u t D., Iskusstvo program­mirovaniya dlya EVM, M., 1077;

Voro­shu k A. N., Osnovi SVM i programmirovanie, M., 1078: B yo m G., Born V., Programmirovanie upravlyayushikh vichislitelnikh sistem, M., 1078. L. Tuychiev.