PORTUGALIYa

PORTUGALIYa (Portugal), Respublikai Portugaliya (Republica Portuguese), davlat dar Janubu Garbii Evropa, dar nimjazirai Pireney; on jazirahoi Azor va Madeyraro (dar uqyonusi Atlantik), ki az soli 1976 mukhtoriyati dokhili dorand, dar bar megirad. Portugaliyaro uqyonusi Atlantik ihota kardaast. On dar Sharq va Shimol bo Ispaniya hamsardad ast. Masohatash 92 hazor km², az on jumla masohati jazirahoyash 3,4 hazor km². Aholiash qarib 10 mln nafar (1981). Poytakhtash — shahri Lisabon. Portugaliya az jihati mamuri ba 22 okrug taqsim meshavad, ki 18-toi on dar nimjazira voqe buda, ba Portugaliya muzofoti tarikhi muttahid meshavad. Dar hayati Portugaliya az sobiq «muzofothoi on tarafi bahri» (Makao) mondaast, ki fevrali 1976 ba on mukhtoriyati dokhili doda shud. Portugaliya to hol baroi ba Timori Sharqi dodani istiqloliyat khudro masul medonad; iyuli 1976 ba Indoneziya hamrod karda shudani Ti­mori Sharqi elon karda shud, ki onro Portugaliya etirof nakard.

Sokhti davlati. Portugaliya— respublika. Muvofiqi konstitutsiyai soli 1976 sardori davlat prezident, ki u ba muhlati 5 sol intikhob meshavad. Prezi­dent dar ayni vaqt sarfarmondehi quvvahoi musallah va raisi Soveti revolyutsioni niz meboshad, ki on dar masalahoi harbi vazifahoi organi siyosi va qonunbarorro ba amal mebarorad Hokimiyati qonunbaror ba parlament — Majlisi respublikavi taalluq dorad, ki on ba muhlati 4 sol intikhob meshavad. Hokimiyati ijroiya ba hukumat taalluq dorad.

Tabiat. Sohilhoi uqyonusi Atlantik past, qumzor buda chandon kaju kileb nestand. Dar nohiyai rezishgohoi Teju va Sadu khalijak va estuariyaho voqeand. Qismi shimoli Portugaliya az kuhho iborat, dar qismi garbii on pahnkuhi Meseta voqest, ki chandin massivhoi kristalli dorad. Nuqtai balandi on 1991 m (q. Eshtrela dar qatorkuhi Serra-da-Eshtrela). Dar samti janubii daryoi Teju pastii teppadori Portugaliya voqest, onro pushtakuh ihota karda vodihoi chuquri daryoho burida meguzarand. Sarvathoi zerizamini:   madani ohan, mis, volfram va uran, berilliy, antratsit, va angishti bur, pirit, gil, marmar. Iqlimash subtropikii bahrimiyonazaminist. Harorati miyonai yanvar 7—8°S, iyul 25—27°S. Borishoti solona 700—1000 mm dar nohiyahoi nazdi sohil, 1000—2000 mm dar kuhsor. Daryoash bisyor, asosan az obi boron gizo megirand, kalontarini onho: poyonobi Mino, Doru, Teju, Gvadiana. Khokash dar Shimol kuhi — jangalii khokistari, dar markaz va Janub burrang va dorchini, dar vodihoi daryoho allyuviali. 36% territoriyai mamlakatro besha pushidaast. Beshai darakhtoni khushkitobovari bulut va suzanbarg beshtar pahn shudaast. Az odami hayvonot gurg, ruboh, qoqum, khorpushti aljazoiri, khargushi ispani hast; namudhoi gunoguni otryadi khoyandagon, mushhoi parron zindagi mekunand. Obi nazdi sohil az mohi boy (ravganmohi, anchous va gayra).

Aholi. 90% aholi portugaliho. Ba miqdori nam ispaniho, anglisho, dar jazirahoi Azor portugaliho va dunajodaho niz zindagi mekunand. Zaboni davlati — portugali. Aksariyati dindoron — katolik. Zichii miyonai aholi dar 1 km² 97,7 kas. Az 3/1 aholi dar shahrho zindagi mekunad. Shahrhoi kalon: Lisabon, Portu. Muhojirati aholi ba digar mamlakatho khele anana shuda mondaast; soli 1974 qarib 2 mln nafar portugaliho dar khorija, alalkhusus dar Evropai Garbi budand.

Malumoti tarikhi. Dar territoriyai hozirai Portugaliya inson hanuz dar davrai paleolit maskan karda bud. Dar nimai duyumi hazorai 1 to melod ba qismi ziyodi mamlakat luzitanho sokin shudand. Rumiho bar luzitanho (jangi solhoi 197—179, 154—139 to melod) galaba ba dast ovarda dar in jo ba muzofoti rumii Luzitaniya asos guzoshtand. Dar ibtidoi asri 5 ba territoriyai Portugaliya svevho dokhil shuda saltanati rumihoro barham dodand. Az nimai duyumi asri 6 territoriyai Portugaliya ba hayati davlati vestgotho dokhil shud. Nasroni gardonidani aholi ba inkishofi munosibathoi feodali musoidat kard, ammo muddati daroz tarzi istehsoloti gulomdori bartari dosht. Solhoi 713—718 territoriyai Portugaliyaro arabu barbarho zabt kardand, on az soli 756 ba hayati amorati Qurdob (az soli 920 khalifat) dokhil shud. Qismi territoriyai Portugaliyaro, ki onro arabho zabt karda bu­dand, asrhoi 11—12 portugaliho va ispaniho ozod kardand, ammo onro korolii Kastiliya Leoni Ispaniya ishgol kard. Az soli 1143 Portugaliya korolii mustaqil shud. To miyonai asri 13 territoriyai Portugaliya az arabho purra ozod karda shud. Dar Portugaliya mutlaqiyat barpo gardid, ki nufuzi kalisoi katoliki dar on khele kalon bud. Munosibathoi feodali dar viloyathoi shimol va janubi Portugaliya nobarobar inkishof meyoftand. Dehqononi viloyathoi shimoli dar zeri zulmi feodalho, dehqononi viloyathoi janubi ozod budand. Muborizai hokimiyati korol bo separatizmi feodali ba barqarorshavii mutlaqiyat ovarda rasond, ki on asrhoi 15—16 ba avji inkishofi khud rasida bud. Dar natijai zabtkorihoi mustamlikavii asrhoi 15—16 ba nom Imperiyu mustamlikavii Por­tugaliya barpo gardid. Portugaliya mustamlikahoi ziyode, az on jumla dar Afri­ka (Seuta, Gvineya, Angola, Mozam­bik), dar Amerika (Braziliya), dar Osiyo (Malakka, jazirahoi Malay), dar Hinduston (Tseylon, Goa va Diu), dar Khitoy (Makao) dosht. Ammo boygarie, ki dar mustamlikaho gorat karda shuda bud, ba boloravii istehsoloti Portugaliya musoidat nakard, chunki feodaloni ayonu ashrof ba peshrafti sanoati milli hej ragbat nadoshtand. Az nimai duyumi asri 16 iqtisodiyoti mamlakat ru ba, tanazzul nihod, tasiri kaliso purzur shud. Kasodii dokhili va istibdod Portugaliyaro sustu notavon kardand, soli 1581 onro Ispaniya zabt namud. Zulmi siyosi va iqtisodi zur shud. Portugaliya, ki majbur bud hamrohi Ispaniya dar jangho ishtirok kunad, az yak qator mulkhoi dar Osiyo va Amerika voqegardidai khud mahrum gasht. Soli 1640 dar natijai shurishi khalqi Portugaliya az Ispa­niya (Ispaniya istiqloliyati Portugaliyaro soli 1668 etirof kard) judo shud.

Dar ibtidoi asri 18 Portugaliya ba Angliya tobe shud (shartnomahoi soli 1703 Lisabon va Metuen), dar davrai janghoi Na­poleon dar zeri fishori Angliya az hamrohshavi ba nom ba blokadai kontinentali, ki onro Fransiya alon karda bud, dast kashid. Fransiya dar ittifoq bo Ispaniya soli 1807 Portugaliyaro zabt kard. Korol ba Braziliya gurekht. Portugaliho bo dastgirii qushunhoi anglis to soli 1811 armiyai fransuzhoro az khoki mamlakat tang karda barovardand, ammo khud ba tobeiyati Angliya daromadand, ki on tartiboti mutlaqiyatro pesh girif­ta bud. Soli 1820 dar Portugaliya revolyutsiyai burjuazi cap zad. Yak qator islohothoi progressivi (barham khurdani imtiyozhoi feodalon, inkivizitsiya va gafra) alon karda shud. Soli 1822 konstitutsiyai liberali qabul gardid, Brazi­liya sohibistiqlol elon karda shud. Reaksiyai feodali-klerikali dar ittifoq bo ashrofoni liberali soli 1826 khartiyai konstitutsioni barpo kard. Soli 1842 khartiston (tarafdoroni khar­tiya (1826) diktaturai harbi barqaror kardand, ki onro shurishi khalqii soli 1846 sarnagun kard. Hukumati chapi Saldanya (1851—1856) islohoti mahdudi burjuazi guzaronida, yak qator chorahoi iqtisodi va moliyavi andeshid. Ammo tobeiyati iqtisodi az Angliya, norasoii ka­pitali ozod ba peshrafti mamlakat mone meshudand. Soli 1875 Partiyai sotsialisti tasis yoft, soli 1876 on Partiyai respublikavii Portugaliya nom girift. Soli 1909 sezdi 1-umi millii ittifoqhoi kasabai anarkhosindakalho barguzor shud. Revolyatsiyai bur­juazi (1910) dar Portugaliya sokhti respublikavi barqaror kard, ammo boqimondahoi zamoni guzashta, tasiri kaliso tobeiyatro az kapitali Ang­liya barham doda natavonist. Portugaliya dar Jangi yakumi jahoni az tarafi An­tanta ishtirok kard. Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr dar Rossiya ba boloravii harakati korgari dar Portugaliya tasiri kalon ra­sond. Soli 1921 Partiyai Kommunistii Portugaliya tasis yoft. Sustii harakati korgari va quvvahoi demokrati, az nuqtai nazari siyosat sust budani respublikachiyoni burjuazi ba doirahoi reaksionii pomeshikon va kapitali kalon baroi soli 1926 barqaror namudani diktaturai general Karmon (solhoi 1928—1951 prezidenti Portugaliya bud) imkoniyat dod. Soli 1932 A. Salazar sarvazir shud. Konstitu­tsiyai nav (1933) tartiboti fashistiro qonuni gardond. Haman partiyaho, gayr az «Ittifoqi milli» tasisash 1930, tamoman man kar­da shudaand. Dar Jangi grajdanii Ispaniya (1936—1939) Portugaliya frankiston va interventhoi Germaniyayu Italiyaro dastgiri namud. Dar davrai Jangi duyumi jahoni ba bloki fashisti yori rasond, dar okhiri jang ba tarafi IMA mayl kard. Soli 1948 ba nom ba «Plank Marshall» hamroh va ba bloki NATO dokhil shud (1949); ba IMA baroi dar jazirahoi Azor joygir kardani bazahoi harbiyash (1948) ijozat dod.

Torumor karda shudani Germaniyai fashisti ba boloravii harakati -de­mokrat musoidat kard. Hukumat baroi ba Majlisi milli peshnihod namudani nomzadhoi oppozitsiya huquq dod, lekin taqibotro zurtar kard. Solhoi 60 baromadhoi mehnatkashon ba amal omad, harakati studenton avj girift, dar mustamlikaho harakati ozodikhohonai milli cap shud. Qushunhoi Hinduston (1961), Goa, Damai, Diuro ozod kardand. Hukumati Portugaliya az dodani istiqloliyat ba Angola, Gvineya-Bisau, Mozambik dast kashid, bar ziddi quvvahoi ozodikhohonai milli muboriza meburd. Dar mamlakat az siyosati fashisti va doirahoi hukmron norozigi meafzud. Partiyai Kommunistii Portugaliya (PKP) doir ba muttahid namudani omma faolona kor meburd, ba terrori khunin nigoh nakarda ba korpartoihoi korgaroni sanoati va khojagii qishloq rohbari mekard, dar baromadho ba muqobili tartiboti fashisti ishtirok menamud. Dar armiya ham norozigii umumi ba amal omad, dar on jo Harakati quvvahoi musallah tashkil yoft. 25 apreli 1974 dar natijai baromadi quvvahoi musallah hokimiyati M. Kaetanu sarnagun karda shud. So­vet najoti milli tashkil yoft, ki ba vazifahoi hokimiyati ijroiya va qonunbarorro ba amal mebarovard. Dar miyonai may Soveti davlati — (organi qonunbaror) va Hukumati muvaqqati barpo shud, ki ba on ishtirokchiyoni Harakati quvvahoi Mu­sallah va namoyandagoni partiyahoi gunoguni siyosi, az on jumla, kotibi generalii PKP A. Kunyal va koti­bi generalii Partiyai sotsialisti Portugaliya M. Soarish dokhil shudand. Doir ba demokratikunonii mamlakat tadbirho andeshida shu­dand: ba faoliyati partiyahoi siyosi ijozat, politsiyai makhfi cap doda shuda mahbusoni siyosi ozod, senzura bekor, huquqi mehnatkashon baroi barpo namudani ittifoqhoi kasaba etirof karda shud. Janghoi mustamlikadori bozdoshta shudand. Do­ir ba khudmuayyankunii khalqhoi mustamlikahoi Portugaliya (27. 7. 1974) qonun qabul karda shud. Portugaliya respublikai sohibistiqloli Gvineya-Bisauro eti­rof kard, bo quvvahoi millii Mo­zambik dar bobati soli 1975 elon karda shudani istiqloliyati on rozi shud. In chorabiniho dar sharoite ba amal barovarda meshavand, ki reaksiya sayu kushish dorad proses­si demokratikunoniro bozdorad.

Portugaliya 9 iyuni 1974 bo SSSR munosibathoi diplomati muqarrar namud.

Portugaliya az soli 1955 azoi TDM meboshad.

Soli 1976 baroi demokratikunonii minbadai mamlakat, baroi digargunsozihoi ijtimoiyu iqtisodi muboriza davom kard. 28 apreli 1976 konsti­tutsiyai na v jori gardid, ki on muzaffariyathoi asosii Revolyutsiyai Portugaliyaro poydor gardond. 12 avgust Soveti revolyutsioni az nav tashkil karda shud. Mohi sentyabr hukumat programmai bartaraf karda shuda­ni mushkilihoi iqtisodiro elon kard. Ba baze nuqtahoi in pro­gramma mehnatkashon zid baromadand, chunki naqshahoi az tarafi hukumat kashidashuda bino ba izhoroti PKP muzaffariyathoi revolyutsioniro dar zeri khatari kalon meguzosht. Okhirhoi dekabr parlament loihai qonunero, ki hukumati M. Soarish dar borai plani taraqqiyoti iqtisodi va byujeti davlati baroi soli 1977 (kommuniston az ovozdihi dast kashidand) peshnihod kard, maqul donist. Solhoi 1981— 1982 vaziyat dar mamlakat nihoyat murakkab bud. Yanvar 1981 ba sari hokimiyat F. Pintu Balsemau omad, ki on asosan rohi sobiq kabineti «Alyansi demokratiro» pesh girifta, baroi barham dodani asoshoi konstitutsionii revolyutsiyai apre­li 1974 sayu kushish namud. «Alyansi demokrati» ba komissiyai makhsusi Majlisi Respublika loihai qonunro oid ba az nav dida baromadani Konstitutsiyai 1976 (aprel) peshnihod kard, ki on ba barqarorkunii mavqehoi iqtisodi va siyosii kapitali kalon ravona shu­da, parokanda namudani Soveti revolyutsioni va konsentratsiyai hokimiyatro dar dasti hukumat, az hisobi mahdud namudani vakolati prezidenti respublika, nigaronida shuda bud.

Dar dokhili koalitsiyai hukmron ziddiyatho tezu tund megardidand. Qanoti rosti PMSD ba MSD, ki dar «Alyansi demokrati» tasiri khudro zurtar karda bud, nazdiktar gardid. Dar zeri fishori qanoti rost hukumati F. Pintu Balsemau az vazifai sarvaziri ba istefo baromad. Mohi sentyabr badi yak qator kompromisshoi taktiki dar dokhili PSD va «Alyansi demokra­ti» kabineti ba nav tashkilshudai u asosai maqsadu maromi qanoti

rostro ifoda mekard. Ommai vasei tabaqahoi aqoli az siyosati sotsiali-iqtisodii har du hukumati «Alyansi demokrati» norozi budand. Mohi aprel 400 hazor khizmatchiyoni idorahoi davlati korpartoi kardand, mohi dekabr dar Lisabon namoishi ommavi shuda guzasht. Okhiri sol vaziyat dar mamlakat nihoyat tezutund gardid; PKP vobasta ba in vaziyat dar bobati istefoi kabinet, cap dodani Manjlisi Respublika va pesh az muhlat guzaronidani intikhoboti parlament taklifho peshnihod namud, in taklifho harjoniba dastgiri karda shudand.

Dar siyosati khorijii khud hukumati Portugaliya pesh az hama ba bloki NATO sharik budani khudro nishon doda, mamuriyati IMA va manfiati NATO-ro dar har yak masalai aso­sii baynalkhalqi bechunucharo tarafdori mekard. Hamkorii harbi-siyosii Portugaliya dar doirai NATO, pesh az hama bo IMA faoltar gardid. Hukumati F. Pintu Balsemau ba­roi az tarafi quvvahoi musallahi IMA istifoda karda shudani bazahoi harbii mamlakat rozigi dod. Dar siyosati khoriji hukumati Portugaliya munosibathoi khudro bo davlatkhoi Afrika misli peshina davom medihad. Soli 1981 Portugaliya bo 125 davlat munosibathoi diplomati dosht.

Partiyahoi siyosi va ittifoqhoi kasaba. Partiyai sotsialistii Portugaliya (PSP). Tasisash 1973. Partiyai sotsial- demokrati (PSD, to oktyabri 1976— Partiyai khalqi-demokrati, PKhD). Tasisash 1974. Partiyai mar k a z i sotsia l-d emokrati (PMSD). Tasisash 1974. Partiyai Kommunistii Portugaliya (PKP). Tasisash 1921. Konfede ratsiyai umumii mehnatkashoni Portugaliya—Inter sindikali milli. Yanvari 1977 tashkil shudaast.

Khojagi. Portugaliya mamlakati agrarist. Tobeiyat az kapitali khoriji (aso­san az IMA, Angliya, RFG), inchunin kharojoti kaloni harbi muddati daroz boloravii iqtisodii mamlakatro bozmedosht. Daromadi milli dar Portugaliya (ba har yak nafar aholi) nazar ba daromadi millii mamlakathoi nisbatan taraqqikardai jahoni kapitalisti chandin marotiba kamtar meboshad. 46%-i mahsuloti millii umumi ba sahmi sanoat rost meoyad. Energetikai mamlakat asosan ba zakhirai ob asos yoftaast. Portugaliya ba khorija volfram, pirit, madani uran eksport mekunad. Gayr az on mada­ni qalagi, mis, ohan, angisht (ant­ratsit va lignit) istikhroj meshavad. Sohahoi sanoati bofandagi va khurokvori yake az sohahoi muhim va ananavii sanoati az nav korkardabaroyanda meboshand. Qismi ziyodi korkhonahoi in sokha dar sohili uqyonusi Atlantik dar rayonhoi Lisabon-Setubal va Portu joygirand. Dar mamlakat korkhonahoi sanoati metallurgiyai siyoh, zavodhoi misu qalagigudozi, istehsoli alyuminiy hast. Solhoi okhir sanoati moshinsozi taraqqi mekunad. Korkhonahoi kishtisozi vakishtitamirkuni dar iqtisodiyoti Portugaliya roli kalon mebozand. Dar havolii Lisabon (Margeira) markazi kishtitamirkuni hast, ki on ahamiyati baynalkhalqi dorad. Gayr az on moshinhoi darzduzi, velosiped, dastgoh, dvigateli dizel mebarorad. Sanoati khimiya, istehsoli mahsuloti neft va khimiyai neft inkishof meyobad. Dar shahri Sinish kompleksi kaloni sanoati amal mekunad. Korkhonahoi sanoati gazvori pakhtagin, pashm, charmu poyafzol bisyorand. Portugaliya az jihati vinokashi dar jahon mashhur gashtaast. Portugaliya ba khorija ravgani zaytun, konservi mohi mebarorad. On az jihati istehsol va eksporti puk dar jahon joi 1-umro megirad. To Revolyutsiya soli 1974 taqriban az 5/3 hissai dehqonon dar khojagii qishloq band buda, tamoman va yo qisman zamin nadoshtand. Badi sarnagun namudani fashizm baze digargunsozihoi agrari ba amal barovarda shudand. Bo vujudi on masalahoi asosii khojagii qishloq to hol hal nagardidaand. Dar shimoli Portugaliya khojagihoi khurd, dar janub to hamin nazdikiho zamindorii kaloni pomeshiki hukmron bud. Sohahoi molii khojagii qishloq: tokdori, bogdori, parvarishi darakhti zaytun, sitrus, dar jaziraho banan, ananas, nayshakar. Ziroati asosii khuroki: gandum, juvorimakka, javdor, sholi, lubiyogiho, karto­shka. Chorvodori sust taraqqi kardaast. Soli 1982 dar mamlakat (ba hisobi mln cap) — 1,2 gov, 2,4 khuk, 5,2 gusfand bud. Tuli rohi ohan—3,8 hazor km (1981). Lisabon bandari asosii bahri va aeroport meboshad, ki ahamiyati baynalkhalqi dorad. Portugaliya ba khorija puk, konservi mohi, sharob, nakhi pakhta barovarda az khorija neft, moshin, tajhizot, metalli siyoh me­girad. Sharikoni asosii savdoyash — mamlakathoi «Bozori umumi», Ang­liya, RFG, Fransiya, Italiya, IMA. Turizm taraqqi kardaast. V o h i d i nul — eskudo.

Tandurusti. Soli 1973 ba har 1 hazor aholi tavallud 20,1, favt 11,1,_favti kudakon ba har 1 hazor kudaki navzod 49,8 nafar bud. Az kasalihoi siroyatkunanda — kasalii shush, tra­khoma, arasii shikampech, tablarzai tif, gepatit pahn shudaand. Kasa­lii makhav niz mushohida meshavad. Tandurusti davlati va khususist. Soli

1971 dar mamlakat 619 kasalkhona bud. Soli 1972 dar Portugaliya qarib 9 hazor dukhtur ( dukhtur ba 960 nafar aholi), ziyoda az 5 hazor nafar korkuni miyonai tibbi kor mekard. 3 fakulteti tibbii nazdi universitetho kadrhoi tibbi tayyor mekunad.

Maorif. Soli 1977 35%-i aholii mamlakat besavod bud. Baroi kudakoni sinni az 3 to 6-sola muassisahoi tomaktabi hastand. Maktabi ibtidoi 6-sola, maktabi miyona 5-sola buda, az du sikl iborat meboshad. Gayr az in maktabhoi miyonai malumoti umumi, maktabhoi kasbomuzi niz hastand. Dar Portugaliya 7 universitet va yak instituti tekhniki hast. Soli tahsili 1976/1977 dar onho 11,895 student mekhond. Universitethoi kalontarin: Universiteti Koimbra (tasisash 1290) va Universiteti Lisabon (tasisash 1290). Dar mam­lakat 4 akademiya, 45 maktabi oli, 26 instituti tadqiqoti ilmi, 37 kitobkhona, 42 muzey hast. Kitobkhonai millii Portugaliya soli 1796 dar Lisabon tasis yoftaast. Muzeyhoi kalon: Muzeyi millii sanati qadima, arkheologiya va etnografiya, sanati muosir, mu­zei numizmatika, sanati khalq va gayra.

Matbuot, radio, televizion. Soli 1974 dar Lisabon chunin gazetavu jurnalho nashr meshud:          gazetai «Avante»

(«Avante»), organi markazii PKP; «Diariu du governu» («Diario do Governo»), organi hukumati; «Diariu di Lijboa» («Diario de Lisboa»), «Diariu di notisiash» (Diario de Noticias»), «Diariu popular» («Dia­rio Popular»); byulleteni «Muvimentu» («Movimento»), organi Harakati quvvahoi musallah, gazetai harruzai katoliki «Novidadish» («Novi- dades»), «Povu livri» («Pova Livre»), organi partiyai khalqi-demokrati va gayra. Agentii akhboroti millii-Ajensiya di notisiash i di informasoynsh (Agenda de Notisias e de Informacoes), tasisash 1974, dar Lisabon joygir ast. Radio va televizioni Portugaliya az iyuni 1974 tahti nazorati davlat meboshad. Barnomahoi radio ba zabonhoi portugali, anglisi, ispani, italiyavi, nemisi va digar zabonho burda meshavad.

Adabiyot. Majmui surudhoi kansonero (portug. cansionero), ki ba okhiri asri 13 —ibtidoi asri 16 taalluq dorad, osori qadimai adabiyoti Portugaliya mebo­shad. Afsonavu rivoyathoi khalqi ba vaqoenomahoi F. Lolish (1380— 1460) va G. Eapish di Azurara (1410— 1474) gird ovarda shudaand. Dar davrai Ehyo dramaturgiya: J. Visente (taqriban 1470—taqriban 1536), B. Ribenru (taqriban 1482—1552) , F. Sadi Mirapda (1481— 1558). A. Ferreyra (1528—69) ba av- ji alo rasid. Nuqtai olii adabi­yoti davrai Ehyo lirikam L. di Ka­moens (1524 yo 1525—1580) meboshad, ki u dar dostoni khud «Luziada» (1572) (dar borai sayohatya Vasko da Gama) mardonagn va qahramopin khalqro tarannum kardaast. Dar dav­rai hukmronii Ispaniya (1581—1640) tasiri adabiyoti ispai his karda meshavad. Dar asarhoi F. Lobu (ibtidoi asri 17), A. J. Silva (1705-1739) ruhiyai vatandustona mushohida me­shavad. Dar miyoni asri 18 goyahoi marifatparvari inkishof meyoband.:

Harakati demokrati va ziddifashetii solhoi 30—40 sayu kushishi navisandagoni realistiro ba mavzui ijtimoi ziyod kard: A. Ribeyru (1885—1963), J. M. Ferreyra di Kashtru (tavalludash 1898), S. J. Pereyra Gomish (1909—1949), A. Redol (1911- 1969), F. Namora Gonsalvish (tavalludash 1919), M. da Fonseka (tavalludash 1911), M. du Nasimentu (1912—1966). Badi sarnagun gardidani tartiboti fa­shisti soli 1974 navisandagoni peshkadam dar ofaridani madaniyati navi demokrati ishtirok mekunand.

Memori va sanati tasviri. Dar Portugaliya naqshai rui odamon va hayvonoti davrai paleolit (dar Santyagu— du-Eshkoral) dar kharsangho, dolmenhoi bisyori davrai neolit (Alija, Paviya), safol, vayronahoi qasabahoi mustahkam kardashudai luzitanho (hazorai 1 to melod), az rumiho (asri 2 to melod— asri 5 m) kharobahoi forumi Konimbrige va ba nom ibodatkhonan Diana dar Evora, boqimondai kalisohoi v e s t g o t h o (asri 7) to zamoni mo boqi mondaand. Osori madaniyati sokhtmoni arab asosan dar binoqoi istiqomatii khalqi avomi janubi mamlakat dida meshavad. Dar Koimbra, Lisabon (asrhoi 11— 12) kushku masjid, kalisovu dayri uslubi romani qomat rost meku­nand. Sobiq qasabahoi luzitanho dar asri 12 ba shahrhoe tabdil meyoband, ki onho naqshai vayron dorand. Dayrhoi asrhoi 12—14 bo usuli gotika bino yoftaand (Alkabasa, Ba­taliy). Dar asrhoi 15—16 dar Portugaliya uslubi ba khud khosi «Manuelino nashunamo meyobad, ki on dar shakli memori va haykaltaroshi khususiyathoi ekzotikai Sharqro dar bar me­girad. Baroi sanati tasvirii on davra (N. Gansalvish, F. Feriandish) haqiqat va ruhbalandi khos meboshad. Dar davrai hukmronii Ispaniya (1581—1640) memori tanazzul mekunad. Sanati oroishi-amalii asrhoi 16—17 bo khususiyati ba khud khos ba kulli farq mekunad, ni dar on ananahoi sanati Evropa va Sharq (mebel, qolin, mato, safol va gayra) dar aloqamandii zich ba kor burda shudaand. Az okhiri asri 17- ibtidoi asri 18 shahrsozi az nav taraqqi mekunad.

Dar sanati tasvirii asri 18-ibtiloi asri 19 ba joi ananahoi barokkoi Italiya (F. Vieyra Luzitanu) klassitsizmi akademi (F. Vieyra Portuzisi) meoyad. Az bayni rassomoni asri

19 rassomi romantik D. A. Sikeyra va realist. K. Bordalu Pineyru Shuhrati kalon doshtapd. Dar asri 20 sanati tasvirii realistona (J. Pomar, R. Ribeyru) va grafika (A. di Freytash) yakjoya bo kubizm va rassomii abstrakt pesh meraft.

Musiqi. Madaniyati musiqii Portugaliya dar asosi madaniyati musiqii khalqhoe, ki az qadimulayyom (keltho, rumiho, vestgotho, arabho) dar in sarzamin hayot ba cap meburdand, shakl giriftaast. Musiqii khalqii Portugaliya ananahoi qadima dorad, on boy va gunogunshakl meboshad. Janri surud va surudu raqs nazar ba janri instrumsntali beshtar taraqqi kardaast. Dar surudhoi davrahoi qadim asosan mehnat, faslhoi sol, dinu diyonat tarannum meshavad. Shakli az khama mamuli on — fadu — surudi yakkakhoni liriki meboshad, ki on bo jurshavii gitara ijro karda me­shavad; az raqsho raqsi vira mamul ast. Bisyor surudhoi khalqi ohangi raqsi dorand. Janrhoi asosii surudu raqs: shula, malyan, marrafa va gayra. Asbobhoi musiqii khalqy: gitarai 6-tora, mandalina, daf, vi­ola, gijjak va gayra. Musiqii kasbi niz ananahoi qadim dorad. Asrhoi 12—13 davrai sanati trubadurhost. Avvalin kapella dar asri 13 dar darbor tashkil yoft. Dar asrhoi 15— 16 musiqii serovozai vokaliyu instrumentali khele taraqqi mekunad; namoyandagoni in janr: D. di Goish, M. Kardozu, M. R. Koelyu. Az nimai yakumi asri 18 musiqii Portugaliya dar zeri tasiri musiqii Italiya monda to asri 20 bo hamin roh pesh meraft. Bastakoroni barjastai asri 18: K. Seyshash, F. A. Almeyda (muallifi av­valin opera dar Portugaliya, 1733). Bastakori az hama mashhuri opera M. Portugal meboshad, ki u ziyoda az 50 opera navishtaast. Bastakoroni namoyoni asrhoi 19—20: J. Viana da Mota, O. da Silva, L. di Freytash Branku, R. Koelyu, F. Lopish Grasa va digaron. Markazi hayoti musiqi Lisabon meboshad, dar on jo teatri operai «San-Karlush» (tasisash 1793), Konservatoriyai milli, Akademiyai musiqi, kapellai khori «Poli­foniya» va gayra mavjudand.. Shahrhoi Por­tu va Koimbra niz markazhoi kaloni musiqiand.

Teatr. Avvalin malumotho dar borai namoishhoe, ki kharakteri badehaguy dosht, ba asri 12 taalluq dorad. Dramaturg, aktyor va bastakor J. Visonti asosguzori teatri millii Portugaliya meboshad. Az okhiri asri 15 teatr va dramaturgiya taraqqi mekunand. Asri 16 dar Lisabon teatrhoi omma­ni ba vujud meoyand. Dar natijai taqiboti inkvizitsiya va senzuroi kaliso sanati teatr dar asri 17 tanazzul kard. Boloravii teatri mil­li dar solhoi 20—30 asri 19 ba poydor gardidani tamoyuli romantizm va bo ba sahna guzoshta shudani pesahoi J. B. Almeyda-Garreta vobasta ast.

Bo tashabbusi Almeyda-Garreta dar Lisabon Konservatoriyai sanati drama, Teatri millii malika Marilts II (soli 1846) tashkil shud, ki on yake az markazhoi madaniyati sahnavii Portugaliya gardid. Az choryaki avvali asri 20 teatr ba zeri tasiri jarayoni modernisti mond. Badi Jangi duyumi jahoni dar teatrhoi tajribavi asosan asarhoe namoish doda meshudand, ki onho ahamiyati problema­tiki doshtapd. Tanho qismi nochizi arboboni teatr asarhoi klassikoni adabiyoti jahoni va milliro ba sahna meguzorand. Dar Lisabon ba gayr az Teatri millii malika Ma­riyam II teatri millii khalqi, teat­ri badei va gayra hast.

Kino. Filmi avvalin soli 1896 ba ngirifta shud. Badi tashkil shudani kinofirmai «Portugaliya- film» (1909) istehsoli filmho muntazam shud. Okhiri solhoi 20— avvali solhoi 30 rejisserhoi namoyoni P. L. di Barrush, M. di Oliveyra va digaron ba ofaridani filmho kamar bas­tand. Dar davrai diktaturai fashisti va senzurai sakht sanati kinoi Portugaliya qat gardid. Dar in davra asosan filmhoi tijorati ofarida meshudand. Tanho dar baze filmho — «Doru, mehnati mashaqqatnok dar daryo» (1931), «Anikai nodon» (1942), «Shikor» (1965) rejissyor Oliveyra, inchunin filmhoe, ki solhoi 60 rejissyor F. Lopish, E. di Suza, P. Rosha ofaridand sayu kushishi nigoh doshtani mavqei ijtimoi va badeii kinematograf mushohida karda meshavad. Soli 1974 dar Portugaliya qarib 400 kinoteatr bud.

Ad.: Lagutina E. I., Latin­skiy V. A.. Strani Pireneyskogo po­luostrova. L., 1977; Biro P., Por­tugaliya. Rayonno-geograficheskiy ocherk M., 1952; Belyavskiy A. M., Ameri­kanskiy imperializm na Pireneyskom poluostrove, M., 1961; Kunyal A., Put k svobode, pe.r. s portug., M., 1967; Kolomees G. N. Ocherki noveyshey istorii Portugalii, M., 1968; Vseob­shaya istoriya iskusstv, t. 2 (ki. 1), t. 3, M., 1960—1962.