MOZAMBIK

MOZAMBIK (Mocambiguo), Respublikai Xalqii Mozambik, davlat dar Sh. Afrika. Dar Shim. bo Tanzaniya, dar J G. bo RAJ va Svazilend, dar G. bo Mala­vi, Zambiya va Rodeziyai Janubi hamsarhad ast. Dar Sh. bo uqyonusi Hind ham hudud meboshad. Masokhatash 783 hazor km’, aholiash ziyoda az 12,13 mln nafar.

Poytakhtash sh. Maputu (taqriban 755 hazor nafar). Az jihati mamuri ba 10 okrug taqsim shudaast.

Sardori davlat va hukumat — pre­zident; organi olii davlati va qonunbaror —Majlisi khalqi.

Tabiat. Qismi garbii Mozambikro pahnkuh va pushtakuhho (nuqtai balandtarinashon quhi Binga — 2436 m), jismi sharqiashro pastii nazdisohilii Mozambik faro giriftaast. Iqlim dar Shim. subekvatori, dar J. passatik tropiki. Harorati miyonai yanvar dar pastiho az 26 S to 30“ S, iyul az 15° S to 20° S. Borishotp solona az 750 to 1500 mm. Daryohoi maloy: Zambezi va Limpopo; kulho: Nnsa yo khud Malavi (sohilhoi sharqii on dar hududi Mozambik voqe gardidaast) va Shirva. Sarvathoi zerizamini; angisht, madanhoi uranu ohan, asbest, fosforit, tillo, boksit va g. Nabotot: asosan beshahoi sirak va savanna olami hayvonot: fili Afri­koi, ohu, sher, babr, gurkhar, bahmut, shagol, kaftor, maymun va g., hasharot, mor va parrandagoni ziyode do­rad.

Aholi. Ziyoda az 98% aholiro khalqhoi oilai bantuzabon tashkil mekunand. Dar qismi shim. mamlakat khalqhoi makau va lomve, malavi, makonde, vayao, suakhili, dar J, tsonga, mashona, angoni, svazi, az evropoiyon asosan portugaliho zindagi mekunand. Qarib 80% aholi mutaqidi dinu oinhoi mahalli buda, aholii boqimonda musulmon va nasroniyonand. Zaboni rasmi portugalist. Shahrhoi kalon: Maputu, Beyra, Kolima ne.

Ocherki tarikhi. Qadimtarin sokinoni Mozambik bushmenho va gotteptotho budand. Dertar joi onhoro qabilahoi bantu, ki az jan. Sudan omada budand, giriftand. Onho asosan bo dehqoni va chorvodori mashgul bu­dand. Dar asrhoi 5—16 davlathoi afrikoi tashkil shudand, ki yake az kalontarini onho Monomotapa bud. Avvalin kasabahoi tijoratii arabho dar in jo asri 8 ba vujud omadand. Ekspedisiyai Portugalii Vasko da Gama soli 1498 hangomi safari khud ba Hinduston muddate dar Mozambik tavaqquf kard. Dar avvali asri 16 portugaliho ba sorili Mozambik furomada, ba daruntari mamlakat harakat kardand. Soli 1505 onho dar Sofala istehkom va 1508 dar Mozambik qalae sokhtand. Portugaliho soli 1629 hokimi Monomotaparo majbur namudand, ki ba shartnomai asoratovar imzo kunad va vassali shohi Portugaliya gardidani khudro etirof namoyad. Soli 1781 dar Lorensu-Markish qalae bunyod gar­did va on soli 1897 ba markazi mamu­rii mustamlika tabdil yoft. Dar asrhoi 17—18 gulomfurushoni Por­tugaliya bisyor afrikoihoro ba Bra­ziliya burda furukhtand. To okhiri asri 19 rayonhoi nazdisohili tahti nazorati portugaliho bud. Portugaliho qushidand, ki rayonhoi dokhilii mamlakatro niz tahti nazorati khud darorand. In kushishi onho boisi Jangi duru darozi bayni portugalihovu davlati afrikoii Vatua (dar avvali asri 19 tashkil shud) gardid. Badi Jangi yakumi jahoni hangomi taqsimoti Afrikai Sharqii Germa­niya terr. Janubtari d. Ruvuma (ba nom sekunjai Kionga) ba Mozambik hamroh karda shud. Ba Mozambik beshtar kapi­tali Angliya va badi Jangi duyumi jahoni kapitali Amerika va Portu­galiya roh yoft. Soli 1920 studentoni afrikoii az Mozambik ba Lisabon omadagi tashkiloti vatanparvaron — Ligai Afrikoi tashkil namudand. Badtar dar Mozambik Assosiasiyai afrikoi, Asso­siasiyai mozambikiho va digar tashkilotho ba vujud omadand. In tashkilotho bar ziddi mustamlikadoron muboriza meburdand. Soli 1925 korkunoni natushyot, dokerho, 1949 korgaronu dokerhoi Lorensu-Markish shurish bardoshtand. Khalqhoi Mozambik bar ziddi mustamlikadoron muborizaro davom medodand. 25 sentyabri 1964 dar Mozambik shurishi musallah cap shud. Ba muborizai ozodikhohii khalq, partiyai fronti ozodkunii Mozambik (FRELIMO, soli 1962 tasis yoftaast) sarvari namud. Dar rafti muborizai ziddi qushunhoi Portugaliya FRELIMO armiyai khudro tashkil namuda, soli 1968 dar okrugi Tete amaliyoti harbi ogoe kard va ba mustamlikadoron shikast dod. To avvali soli 197E FRELIMO ziyoda az choryaki terr. mamlakat­ro ba dast ovard. Dar terr. ozodshuda organhoi hokimiyati khalqi tashkil yoftand va onho yak qator tadbirhoi ijtimoivu iqtisodi andeshidand; istehsoloti khojagii qishloq ba roh monda, kasalkhona, maktabho va kadrhoi mahalli tayyor karda shudand. In hama chorabiniho ba inkishofi minbadai harakati ozodikhohi musoidat kard. Digargunihoe, ki dar Por­tugaliya ba amal omadand, boisi harchi zudtar hal shudani masalai istiqloliyati Mozambik gardidand. Hukumati muvaqqatii Portugaliya, ki badi sarnagun shudani tartiboti fashistii Tomsh-Kaentu (25 apreli 1974) ba sari hokimiyat omad, amaliyoti harbiro dar mulkhoi Portugaliya qat gardonida, 27 nyul huquqi ba khudmuayyankuii va istiqloliyat doshtai sobiq mustamlikahoi mamlakatro etirof namud. 25 iyuni 1975 istiqloliyati mamlakat va Respublikai Khalqii Mozambik nom giriftani on elon karda shud. Khudi hamon ruz konstitusiyai nav etibor paydo kard.

29 iyuni 1975 avvalin hukumati milli tashkil yoft, ki hamai azoyoni on khodimoni namoyoni FRELIMO meboshand. Quvvahoi irtijoparasti dokhili va baynalkhalqi sentyabr, oktyabr va dekabri 1975 ba muqobili hukumati na­vi khalqi barkhostand, ammo korashon baror nagirift, oshubho furu nishonda shudand.

Hukumati RHM dar siyosati berunai khud rohi ziddimperialistiro pesh girifta, baroi tamoman barham dodani manbai mustamlikadori va irkparasti dar qitai Afrika, baroi inkishofi dusti va hamkori bo SSSR va digar mamlakathoi sosialis­ti mekushad. RHM bo SSSR (iyuni 1975) munosibathoi diplomati barqaror kardaast. RHM az soli 1975 azoi TDM meboshad.

Khojagi. Mozambik mamlakati agrarist, to soli 1975 dar iqtisodiyoti on kapitali khoriji, asosan kapitali Portuga­liya, Respublikai Afrikai Janubi kapitali Angliya, Fransiya, ShMA hukmron bud. Az soli 1975 sokhti iqtisodii mamlakat tadrijan tagyir yoft. Dar Mozambik zimni va zakhirahoi minerali molikiyati umumikhalqi elon karda shud. Vazni qiyosii sa­noat dar mahsuloti umumii mamlakat qarib 14% meboshad. Taqriban 70% aholii qobili mehnat dar khojagii qishloq kor mekunad. Qismi ziyodi maydoni kisht obyori karda meshavad. Baroi qone gardonidani talaboti mahalli juvorimakka, maniok, sholi, chormagzi zamini (arakhis) banan va g. parvarish mekunand: chormagzi keshyu, pakhta, chubu takhta, speal, choy, kopra, nayshakar ba khorija furukhta meshavad, ki on 80% eksporti Mozambikro tashkil mekunad. Ba inkishofi chorvodori pashshai sese mone meshavad. Soli 1979 dar mamlakat (ba hisobi hazor cap) 1282 gov, 402 buzu gusfand, 57 khuk bud. Mohigiri niz inkishof yoftaast. Az sarvathoi zerizamini tantal, niobiy, berilliy, boksit istehsol meshavad. Sohahoi asosii sa­noat: istehsoli mahsuloti neft, korkardi mahsuloti khojagii qishloq. Dar Mozambik in­chunin zavodhoi ravgani arakhis, pakhtatozakuni, pivo, fabrikahoi tamoku, mebel, fanera, zavodhoi sement va g. kor mekunand.

Tuli rohi ohan 3786 km, avtomobilgard 39,2 hazor km. Kharsanghoi marjonii zeriobi va jayrahoi qumzor ba kori kishtigardi khalal merasonand. Bandarhoi asosi: Maputu va Beyra. Dar terr. Mozambik taqriban 300 aerodrom va maydonchahoi samolyotnishii (aksaran harbi) voqe gardidaand. Mozambik az khorija khurokvori va nushoki, masnuoti bofandagi, neft, molhoi khimiyavi, metallhoi siyoh va ranga, moshinu tajhizot, vositahoi naqliyot mekharad. Sharikoni asosi dar tijorat: Portugaliya, Respublikai Afrikai Janubi, Britaniyai Kabir, Fransiya, ShMA, Yaponiya. Mozambik badi sohib shu­dan ba istiqloliyat bo mamlakathoi sosialisti, az on jumla bo SSSR aloqai tijorati barqaror namud.

Maorif. Soli 1975 85% aholii az 15- sola kaloni mamlakat besavod bud. Muhlati talim dar maktabi ibtidoi baroi onhoe, ki tahsilro dar maktabi miyona davom medihand 4 sol va baroi onhoe, ki dar oyanda tahsilro davom namedihand 5—6 sol muqarrar shudaast. Baroi hamai kudakoni az 6 to 14-sola talim hatmist. Muhlati talim dar maktabi miyona 5 sol ast. Badi ba dast darovardani istiqloliyat dar sarosari mamlakat ba tashkil kardani kursu maktabhoi mahvi besavodi ogoz namudand. Dar Maputu universitet hast (az soli 1962). Dar Mozambik maktabho davlati shudand. Soli 1976 dar Maputu In-stituti kinoi milli tasis yoft. Kitobkhonaho: Kitobkhonai millii Ma­putu (1961), Kitobkhonai munisipalii Maputu, Kitobkhonai universitet, Muzei Alvaru di Kastru (1911).

Nigahdorii tandurusti. Soli 1973 ba har 1 hazor nafar aholiash 28,1 nafar tavallud va 7,2 nafar favt rost omad. Soli 1970 ba har 1 hazor nafar kudaki navzod 92,5 nafar favt rost meomad. Darozii umr ba hisobi miyona 41 sol. Soli 1972 dar mamlakat 588 kasalkhonai doroi 11 hazor kat (1,3 kat ba 1 hazor aholi) mavjud bud, ki dar onho 510 dukhtur (1 dukhtur ba 16,7 hazor aholi), 16 dukhturi dandon, 14 farmasevt, 884 hamshirai tibbi va digar korkunoni sohai tib khizmat mekardand.

Memori va sanati tasviri. Dar Mozambik du namudi manailsozi mamul shudaast. Dar sohilho khonahoi rostkunja az chubu khimcha sokhta shuda, devorhoyashon bo loy lovida mesha­vad. Bomi chunin khonaho dunisheba meboshad. Dar rayonhoi dokhili mam­lakat khonaho mudavvari mobaynashon sutundori bomashon konusshakli khaspush. Dar Mozambik asosan kandakorii chub va az khimcha boftani ashyohoi gunogun pahn shudaast.

Adabiyot. Adabiyoti Mozambik asosan ba zaboni portugali inkishof meyobad. Ejodiyoti dahanakii khalqhoi mamla­kat ba qadri kofi omukhta nashudaast. Dar asri 19 va avvali asri 20 jurna­listika tashakkul yoft. Jurnali harhaftainai «Bradu afrikanu» («O Brado Africano»), ki onro soli 1918 barodaron Juan va Joze Albazinho tasis namuda budand, ba zabonhoi portugali va shironga nashr mesha­vad. Ba on ruhiyai ziddi mustamlikadori khos ast. Asarhoi baze navisandagoni aslan portugali bo goyahoi mustamlikadori (B. Kamashu, R. Junior) yo ekzotizm faro girifta shudaand. Adabiyoti M badi ba okhir rasidani Jangi duyumi jahoni pursamartar inkishof yoft; dar on tamoyuli realisti quvvat girift. Shoiron J. Kraverinya (tavallud 1922), Nozmii di Soza (tavallud 1927) dar asarhoi khud Afrikai sarbaland va tasdimnashavandaro tasvir karda, siyosati mustamlikadoronro ba zeri toziyonai tanqid megirand. Nazmi Mozambik dush Santusha (tavallud 1929) az ruhiyai pub­lisisti va jushu khurushi revolyusioni sarshor ast. Soli 1952 avvalin asari nasrii Mozambik majmuai hikoyahoi J. Diash (1926—49) «Godido», soli 1964 majmuai L. Bernardu Onvan (tavallud 1942) «Mo sagi nobakorro mekushem» az chop baromad, ki dar onho muallifon haqiqati hayotro haqqoni inikos kardaand. Shoiron R. Nogar (tavallud 1933), S. Vieyra (tavallud 1941) va digar dar mavzuhoi muhimi hayoti imruza asarho meofarand. Ba digar za­bonhoi khalqhoi Mozambik niz asarho ejod meshavand.

Matbuot, radio, televizion. Soli 1976 dar mamlakat 10 nomgui gazetayu jurnal nashr meshud. Gazetahoi aso­si: «Diariu» (ba zaboni portugali) «Notisiash», gazetai hukumati, «Notisiash da Beyra» va g. Agentii akhboroti hukumati (az soli 1976), 9 ra­diostansiya, markazi televiaion (1974) kor mekunand.