ROZI Fakhruddin

ROZI Fakhruddin, Fakhri Rozi, Abuabdullo Muhammad ibni Khotibi Rozi (1149, Ray—1209, Hirot), faylasufi mutakallim, faqeh, muarrikh, tablo va riyozidoni fors-tojik. Padarash Ziyouddini Umar mutakallim, sufi, muhandis va khatibi mashhuri Ray bud. Rozi savod va fiqkhu usuli dinro az naza¬ri khud omukhta, pas az vafoti u az olimoni mashhuri asr — Kamoli Simnoni va Majduddini Jeli falsafa va kalomro kasb kard. Baroi takmili donish ba Movarounnahr rafta, muddate dar Bukhoro zist va az on jo ba Samarqand, Khujand va Banokat omad. Dar Khorazm murabbii farzandi Alouddini Tekesh — Muhammedi Khorazmshoh shud. Rozi kitobi mashhurash «Jome-ul-ulum»-ro, ki dar borai ziyoda az 60 sohai donish malumot medihad, bo khohishi Alouddini Tekesh navishtaast. Ba¬di musofiratho u shahri Hirotro joi istiqomat intikhob kard. Rozi hangomi safarhoyash bo ulamoyu fuzalo va payravoni mazhabhoi mukhtalif — ismoiliya, karromiya, mutaziliya va gayra munozira orosta, ta¬limoti onhoro az nazari kalomt sunni (ilohiyoti rammii islom) tanqid mekard. In kori Rozi adovatu nafrati mukholifonro barangekht. Nihoyat karromiho Roziro zahr doda kushtand. Merosi ilmii in mutafakkir, ki khele farovon ast, tamo¬mi sohahoi marifati davraashro darbar megirad. Qudrati ilmi va mantiqii Rozi to darajae rasida bud, ki vay dar «Sharhi «Ishorot va tanbehot», inchunin «Sharhi «Uyun- ul-hikmat»-i Abuali Ibni Sino, bo vujudi maqomi balandi Shaykhurraisro etirof namudanash, tnvqidi maslaki uro pesh girifta, ba muta¬kallim va buzurgtarin sufii islom — Abuhomid Muhammadi Gazoli payravi kardaast.
Rozi hamin ravishi intiqodiro dar digar kitobhoi falsafiyu kalomiash «Muhassili afkor-ul-mutaqaddimin v-al-mutaakhkhirig min-al-hukamo v-al-mutakallimin», «Mabohis- ul-mashriqiya», «Mulakhkhas», «Matolib-ul-oliya», «Asos-ut-taqdis», «Tajiz-ul-falosifa», «Nihoyat-ul- uqul», «Ar-risolat-ul-kamoliya fi- l-haqoiq-il-ilohiya», «Kitob-ul-bayon v-al-burhon», «Al-barohin dar ilmi kalom», «Kitob-ul-mubodis-ul-moddiya fi-l-matolib-il-maodiya», «Tahzib-ud-daloil fi-uyun-nl-masoil». «Ishorat-un-nazzor ilo latoif il- asror», «Javobat-ul-masoil an-najjoriya», inchunin risolahoi sershumorash davom doda, doir ba aksari masalahoe, ki az nazari faylasufoni mashsho musallam menamudand, shakku shubhai bisyor bayoi kard, ki in amal boisi ba u laqabi «Imom-ul-mushakkik» dodan gardid. Rozi bar khilofi Abualii Sino goyai qadim budani olamro etirof namekard. Olam, ba aqidai u, muhdas (ofaridashuda) ast va muhdis (ofaranda)-i on khudost. Muvofiqi talimoti Rozi khudo ba olam na bo amri zarurat yo ikhtiyor, balki az rui qudrat tasir merasonad.
Rozi in nuqtahoro dar zaminai aqidae dar bobi javhari fard yo juzi taqsimnashavanda (atomizm), ki mutakadlimoni peshin ba asosi falsafii talimoti rasmii islom tabdil doda budand, isbot kardani meshavad. U ba atomizm takya karda aqidai qadimu abadi budani modda, noguzirii amali sababiyat va
qonuniyati obektivii hodisahoi olamro, ki faylasufoni mashsho himoya menamudand, namepazirad.
Rozi hamchun payravi falsafai ka¬lom aqidai faylasufoni mashshoro dar borai tanosubi moddayu surat (gilemorfizm) «rayi zaif» meshumorad. Rozi masalai moddayu suratro bo masalai zotu sifat ivaz namuda, hayuloi jismro zot (substan¬siya) va tagyiri holathoi jismro sifat (aksidensiya)-i jism meshumorad.
Rozi impkonpazirii harakatro az mavjudiyati makon mebarovard. «Agar harakat mavjud boshad,— meguyad u,— makon mavjud boshad. Le¬kin harakat mavjud ast, pas boyad ki makon mavjud boshad».
Dar bobi zamon Rozi ba khulosahoi ziddiyatnok omadaast. Agar dar «Mabohis-ul-mashriqiya» u misli faylasufoni mashsho zamonro vobasta ba harakho ezoh doda boshad, dar «Matolib-ul-oliya» onro vujudi do¬im va gani dar zoti khud meshumorad, ki mavjudiyatash hargiz az hastii harakat barnameoyad. Dar «Ar-risolat-ul-kamoliya fil-haqoiq-il-ilohiya» boshad, vay mavjudiyati obektivii zamonro umuman inkor karda menavisad: «Zamonro hej vujud nest. Va qabliyat va badiyat va maiyyat iqtizoi vujudi hej zamon nakunad».
Rozi tarafdori chunin aqida bud, kp «jon mavjudest mujarrad az modda, na jism ast va na jismoni (Al¬barohin dar ilmi kalom, soli 294).
Rozi bar khilofi faylasufoni mash¬sho nazariyai tanosukhi nafsro tarafdori namuda, ba Aflotun istinod mekunad. Rozi tahqiqi nafsro ba ilohiyot va vazifahoi akhloqi dini: isboti okhirat, hashru nashr, tanosukh, jazovu sazo tobe namudaast.
Dar nazariyai marifat Rozi aqidahoi mutazodro bayon kardaast. Az yak su, Rozi isbot mekard, ki «tasavvurot qobili iqtisod nestand», ammo az sui digar, u ba marifati haqiqati chizho iqror shuda, donistani sababhoi ashyoro vazifai ma-rifat meshumorad. Nazariyai ma¬rifati Abuali Sino ba prisishi inikos asos meyoft. Rozi in prinsipro nopisandida menavisad: «Agar takhayyuli chizho iqtizoi on kunad, ki chizho dar quvvati mukhayila hosil shavad, pas lozim ast, ki chun mo idroki khatti mustaqim kunem, ki mo mustaqim boshem va chun id¬roki mustadir kunem, mustadir bo¬shem. Va agar idroki har du kunem, dar yak vaqt boyad, ki mo dam mustaqim va ham mustadir boshem…» («Ar-risolat-ul-kamoliya», s. 111).
Talimoti akhloqiyu ijtimoii Rozi niz mavridi etibor ast.
I. A. Qulmatov.