Jumhurii Islomii Eron

ERON, Jumhurii Islomii Eron, davlatest, dar Osiyoi Jan-Garbi. Az shim. bo SSSR, az garb bo Turkiyayu Iroq, az sharq bo Afgoniston va Pokiston hamsarhad ast. E.-ro az shim. b. Kaspiy, az janub khal-hoi Fors va Ummon ihota kardaand. Masoh. 1648 haz. km2. Aholiash 43,7 mln naf. (1985), aholii shahri 44% (1976). Dar E. ziyoda az 30 millat va khalqiyat zindagi mekunand; taqr 50% aholi forsho, inchunin ozorboyjoniho, kurdho, va dig. zindagoni mekunand. Zaboni rasmi — forsi. Dinashon—islom. E. ba 21 oston (viloyat) va 2 general-gubernatori taqsim shudaast. Poytakhtash sh. Tehron. Muvofiqi konstitusiyai 1979 rohbari E. Oyatullo Ruhullo Humayni meboshad, ki u ba faoliyati organhoi qonunguzor, ijroiya va sud rahnamoi va nazorat mekunad, u inchunin sarfarmondehi olist. Organi olii qonunbaror — parlamenti yakpalatagi — Majlisi Shuroi milli (Majlis). Sardori hokimiyati ijroiya — prezident, ki az tarafi khalq, ba muhlati 4 sol intikhob megardad.

Qismi ziyodi E.-ro pahnkuhi Eron ishgol kardaast; dar shim. qatorkuhi Alburs (vulqoni Damovand, 5604 m) va dar jan. garb sistemai kuhii Zogrus voqe gashtaand. Iqlimash subtropikii kontinenti va khupgk (haror. miyonai yanv. 2°S, iyul 29S, Tehron), dar sohili khal-hoi Fors va Ummon — tropiki (haror. miyonai yanv. 19S, iyul 32S, Jask). Borishoti solona dar qismi ziyodi E. az 50 to 500 mm, dar nishebihoi Alburs va pastihoi janubi Kaspiy to 2000 mm. Landshafti E., asosan biyoboni va nimbiyobonist.

Dar ibt. hazorai 3 to m. dar sarzamini E. avvalin jamiyati sinfi ba vujud omad; dar nimai a. 6 to m. davlati gulomdorii ibtidoii Hakhomanishiyon vujud dosht. Dar a-hoi 3—7 m. dar ahdi Sosoniyon feodalkunonii jamiyat cap shud. Dar nimai a. 7 E.-ro arabho zabt kardand. Dar miyonai a-hoi 11—12 dar tasarrufi saljuqiho, dar a. 13—miyonai a. 14 dar tasarrufi sulolai mugulii Halokuiyon bud. Dar avv. a. 16 davlati Safaviyon barpo shud (to s. 1736), az okh. a. 18 kojorho ba sari hokimiyat omadand (to 1925). Okh-hoi a. 19—avv. a. 20 E. ba nimmustamlikai mamlakathoi imperialisti (asosan Britaniyai Kabir va Rossiya) tabdil yoft. S-hoi 1905—11 revolyusiyai ziddi imperialisti va ziddifeodali ba vujud omad. Bad az Rev. Oktyabri 1917 Hukumati Soveti hamai shartnoma va sozishnomahoi nobarobarhuduro, ki az tarafi hukumati podshohi basta shuda bud, bekor kard. S. 1920 bo RSFSR aloqai diplomati va s. 1921 bayni hukumati Soveti va Eron shartnoma basta shud. S. 1925 diktaturai pomesheniyu burjuazii Rizoshohi Pahlavi ba sari davlat omad. Az nimai duyumi solhoi 30 nufuzi Germaniyai fashisti dar E. ziyod shudan girift. S-hoi Jangi duyumi jahoni Hukumati Soveti majbur shud, ki qushunhoi khudro muvaqqatan (avg. 1941) ba khoki E. darorad; dar yak vaqt ba in jo qushuni Angliya, okh. 1942 qismhoi harbii Amerika niz daromadand (barobari khotima yoftani jang qushunhoi ittifoqchiyon az E. barovarda shudand); sent. 1041 Rizoshohi Pahlavi tarki takhtu toj namud. Ba joi u pisarash Muhammad Rizoshohi Pahlavi ba takht nishast. Bad az Jangi duyumi jahoni, torumor shudani Germaniyai fashisti va Yaponiyai millitaristi, baroi vusat yoftani harakati demokratiyu ziddiimperialisti s-hoi 1945—46 dar E. sharoit muhayyo shud. Ba in harakat Partiyai khalqii Eron (PKhE, Hizbi tudai Eron, tasisash 1941), ki davomdihandai kori Partiyai kommunistii Eron (PKE, tasisash 1920) bud, rohbari kard, ammo pakhsh karda shud. S. 1951 dar borai milli kunonidani sanoati neft qonun baromad, ammo ijroi on az tarafi reaksiyai E. bo yorii imperialistoni Amerika) Angliya qat gardid. S. 1955 E. ba pakti Bagdod—SBITO dokhil shud (s. 1979 az on baromad). Dar avv. s-hoi 60 muborizai ommai khalq bar ziddi dar E. cap darovardani imperializmi khoriji va baroi ozodii demokrati purzur gardid. Dar in sharoit hukumati podshohi bo maqsadi peshgiri kardani buhroni iqtisodiyu siyosi ba yak qator islohot roh dod. Islohoti agrari, sarfi nazar az mahdudiyathoyash, baroi dar khojagii qishloq vusat yoftani munosibathoi kapitalisti imkoniyathoi zaruri faroham ovard. Dar sanoat niz tagyiroti muhim ba amal omad. S. 1978 harakati purzuri khalqi baroi tabadduloti demokrati va nest kardani mutlaqiyat ba vujud omad, ki ba revolyusiyai ziddi imperialisti, milli-ozodikhohona mubaddal shud. S. 1979 Respublikai Islomi elon karda shud. S-hoi 60—70 dar borai hamkorii iqtisodi bo SSSR sozishnomaho basta shuda bud.

E. mamlakati agrariyu sanoatnst. Dar iqtisodiyotash sanoati neft mavqei asosi dorad. Sanoati istikhroji neft (1973), bank, korhoi sugurta va korkhonahoi kaloni sanoati (1979) milli kunonda shud. Dar kh. q. 42% aholii qobili mehnat band ast (1976). Zaminhoi kishtukor qarib 19 mln ga, qismi ziyodash suni obyori meshavad, az jumla ba beshtar az nisfash galladona (gandum, jav, sholi — jamovarii umumi qarib 9 mln t) va ziroathoi lubiyogi, pakhta (400—500 haz. t), lablabui qand, tamoku mekorand; mevajot, chormagz, tok, khurmo meparvarand. Gusfand (34,5 mln cap, s. 1983), buz (13,55 mln cap), moli kaloni shokhdor (8828 haz. cap), khar va g. meparvarand. Istikhroji neft 255 mln t, 1978, joi 3-yum dar dunyoi kapitalisti; (106 mln t. s. 1984), gazi tabii (44 mlrd m3 s. 1979, 6,8 mlrd m* s. 1984). Sanoati korkardi neft, bofandagi va khurokvoriyu adviyot taraqqi kardaast. Korkhonahoi sanoati metallurgiya, moshinsozi, khimiyai neft, sement, korkardi chub dar taraqqist. Kosibiyu hunarmandi (qolinbofi, misgari, zargari va g.) rivoj yoftaast. Tuli r. o. 4,6 haz. km, 1984, rohhoi avtomobilgard 115 haz. km, naqliyoti quburi ham hast. Bandarhoi asosi: Anzali, Navshahr (dar b. Kaspiy). Obodon, Khurramshahr, Bandari Abbos (dar khal. Fors). Ba khorija neft va mahsulotn neft, gilem, pakhta, charm, mevai khushk mebarorad. Sharikoni asosii tijoratiash: mamlakathoi sosialistii Evropa, mamlakathoi kapitalistii Sharqi Nazdik va Evropai Garbi, Yaponiya meboshad. Vohidi pul — rial.