SANOATI ANGIShT

SANOATI ANGIShT, yak sohai sanoati suzishvorist, ki ba istehsol va korkardi angisht mashgul ast. Istehsoli angisht bo usuli oddi az davrahoi qadim (Khitoy, Yunon va gayra) malum bud. Angisht dar asri 17 (dar Angliya va Rossiya) ahamiyati sanoati paydo kard. Avvalho tanho hamchun suzishvori dar sanoat (khususan dar metallurgiya), sonitar dar naqliyot istifoda meshud. Holo hamchun ashyoi khomi sanoati khimiya niz ba kor meravad. Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR az chihati zakhira (8,7 trillion tonna) va istehsoli angisht (soli 1979-um 719 million tonna) dar jahon joi 1-umro ishgol mekunad. Dar Rossiyai podshohi Sanoati avtomobil sust taraqqi karda (2,5% angishti jahoniro istehsol me- kard), asosan ba kapitali khoriji tobe bud va darajai tekhnikii khele past dosht. Soli 1913 hamagi 29,2 million tonna angisht istehsol karda shudaast.

Solhoi Jangi grajdani (1918—20) istehsoli angisht dar mamlakat to 8,7 million tonna kam shud. Partiyai kommunisti va Hukumati Soveti ba istehsoli angisht diqqati jiddi dodand. Dar inkishofi istehsoli angisht plani GOELRO (1920), harakati stakhanovi (1935), ba kor andokhtani konhoi nav dar rayonhoi sharqii mamlakat, chorabinihoi muhim oid ba mekhanikoni va avtomatonii prosesshoi istehsolot, istifodai tekhnikai puriqtidori navtarin, inkishofi usuli kushodi istehsol va gayra ahamiyati muhim doshtand.
Plani panjsolai 3-yum (1938—1942) vazifa guzosht, ki istehsoli angisht 90% ziyod karda, soli 1942 ba 242 million tonna rasonida shavad. Hujumi ahdshikanonai Germaniyai fashisti ba ijroi in naqsha khalal rasond. Okhiri soli 1941 gitlerchiyon havzahoi angishti Donbass va nazdimoskvaro ishgol namudand, qarib hamai korkhonahoi angisht vayron shudand. Solhoi Jangi Buzurgi Vatani dar havzahoi Kuznesk va Qaraganda, rayonhoi Ural istehsoli bosurati angisht ba roh monda shud. Sanoati avtomobil dar rafti jang dar havzai Nazdimoskva va okhiri solhoi 40 va avvali solhoi 50 dar Donbass barqaror karda shud. Soli 1955 istehsoli angisht ba 400 million tonna rasid. Soli 1975 dar Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR 701 million tonna, az jumla baroi koksoni 181 million tonna va antrasit 83.9 million tonna angisht istehsol karda shud. Soli 1980 istehsoli on ba 718 million tonna rasid. Miqdori beshtari an- gishtro az havzai Donbass (beshtar az 30%) megirapd. Surati solonai hosilnokii mehnati har yak korgar az rui istehsoli angisht dar panj- solai 9-um nazar ba panjsolai 8-um du barobar afzud.
Usuli kushodi istehsoli angisht bosurat taraqqi mekunad. Soli 1975 hosilnokii mehnati mohonai har yak korgar az rui istehsoli angisht dar konhoi kushod ba hisobi miyona 417 tonnaro tashkil dod.
Dar panjsolai 9-um (1971—75) konhoi kalontarini «Raspadskaya»-i Kuzbass (iqtidori solonaash 6,0 million tonna), «Vorgashor»-i havzai Pechora (4,5 million tonna), koni kushodi «Boga- tir» (30 million tonna) ba istifoda doda shudand.
Qarib 30% angishti istehsolkardai Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR baroi hosil namudani energiyai elektr, 20% dar sanoati khimiyai koks, 14% ba ehtiyojoti kommunaliyu maishi, 30% baroi qone gardonidani digar talabotho (khojagii qishloq istehsoli masolehi binokori va gayra) sarf meshavad.
Miqdoru surati istehsoli angisht minbad dar asosi takmili tekhnikayu tekhnologiya, behtar namudani sifati angishti istehsolsha- vanda, baland bardoshtani samaranokii kori sohaho, aznavsozi va takmili korkhonaho, vusat dodani usuli kushodi istehsoli angisht dar nohiyahoi sharqii mamlakat afzun megardad. Istehsoli angisht dar Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR bosurat meafzoyad.
Zakhirahoi sanoati angishti jahon ba 1075 milliard tonna (1975) merasad, ki /«10 milliard tonna yo 38% on ba mamlakathoi sotsialisti (Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR —277 milliard tonna 0 26 %) rost meoyad. Zakhirai angisht dar digar mamlakathoi sotsialisti 134 milliard tonna az jumla dar Respublikai Khalqii Khitoy 70, Yugoslaviya 18, Polsha 15,5, RDG 7,5, Chekhoslovakiya 6,6, Vengriya 3,5, Muguliston 1,7, Bulgoriya 4,5, Ruminiya 4,1 milliard tonnaro tashkil medihad. Hissai mamlakathoi sotsialisti dar is- tehsoli jahonii angisht az 50% ziyod shud (1975).
Dar mamlakathoi; kapitalisti 522 milliard tonna, az jumla dar Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika 215, Respublikai Federativii Germaniya 132, Britaniyai Kabir 127, Avstraliya 50,4, Hinduston 25,2, Kanada 54,5, Yaponiya 6,0, Fransiya 2,1 milliard tonna zakhirai angisht mavjud ast. Surati taraqqii istehsoli angisht dar mamlakathoi jahon yak khel nest. Masalan, solhoi 1960—78 istehsoli angisht dar Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR az 490 to 664, Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika az 394 to 632, Respublikai Demokratii Germaniya az 228 to 253, Respublikai Federativii Germaniya az 245 to 210, Polsha az 114 to 234 million tonna rasid. Dar Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR, Polsha, Angliya, Shtatshoi Muttahidai Amerika, Fransiya va Yaponiya istehsoli angishtsang, dar Bulgoriya, Vengriya, Respublikai Demokratii Germaniya, Ruminiya, Che- khoslovakiya, Yugoslaviya, Italiya, Respublikai Federativii Germaniya boshad, istehsoli angishti siyohtob bartari dorad.
Sanoati avtomobilii Tojikiston tarikhi khele qadime dorad. Bino ba malumoti Malliskiy N. G„ angishtsangro hazor sol pesh dar rayoni Isfara istifoda meburdaand, ki on vaqt dar Evropa khosiyati ‘garmidihii in jinsi kuhiro hanuz namedonistand. Korkhonahoi angishti Tojikistoni toinqilobi khurd-khurd va molikiyati khususii shakhsoni alohida budand. Masalan, dar havzai Mogiyon (soli 1880) sole 100 pud, Shurob (1882) 300 hazor pud angisht istehsol karda meshud. Is- tehsoli sanoatii angishti Tojikiston soli 1906 (dar Shurob) sar shudaast. Soli 1913 in kon 27 korgar dosht, ki onho sole 28 hazor tonna angisht istehsol mekardand. Avvalin korkhonai dar davrai soveti millikunonidashudai Tojikiston koni Shurob (18 apreli 1918) meboshad. Solhoi Jangi grajdani va bosmachigari istehsoli angisht 1,5 barobar kam shud. Plani yakumi perspektivii respublika 1926 takmildihii iqtidori koni Shurob va omukhtani koni Kishtutro peshbini kard. Dar natija istehsoli angisht sol to sol bosurat afzud. Soli 1926 dar respublika 5,0, 1929-um 15,0, 1937-um 18,0, 1940-um 204,0, 1945-um 165,0, 1950-um 449,0 hazor tonna angisht istehsol karda shudaast. Solkhoi Jangi Buzurgp Vatani dar Shurob va Ziddi (1943-um 9 hazor tonna) chand koni nav ba kor daromad.
Dar respublika ziyoda az 13 koni angisht yoft shudaast. Ziyoda az 80% zakhirai umumii angishti respublika dar havzai Shurob, Ziddi va Fon- Yagnob joygir ast. Havzahoi Fon- Yagnob (zakhiraash 1,8 milliard tonna) va Ziddi nisbat ba Shurob angishti alosifat (mutobiqan 8500, 7000, 5000 kkal) dorand va arzishi aslii istehsoli onho 1,5 barobar arzontar ast.
Sanoati avtomobili respublika az du korkhona iborat buda, onho yakchand hazor korgar dorand va holo ba mablagi qarib 10,0 million sum (58% mahsuloti sanoati suzishvorii respublika) mahsulot mebarorand. Fondi asosii istehsolii Sanoati avtomobil yak qismi fondi sanoati respublikaro tashkil medihad. Alhol dar Tojikiston sole sadho tonna angisht istikhroj meshavad.
Adabiyot: M a l l i s k i y N. G., Uchebnoe posobie po geografii Tadjikistana, 1930; Vasilev P. A., K istorii zarojdenii fabrichno-zavodskoy promishlennosti v Severnom Tadjikistane, «Soobshestvo TFAN Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR», vek 18, ‘1949; L yu b i m o v I. M., Poleznie iskopaemie Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR, Moskva, 1906; Solomonov Sh. M., Razvitie sosialisticheskoy promishlennosti Tadjikistana, Dushanbe 1967; Nurnazarov M. N.. Razvitie i razmeshenie promish- lennosti Severnogo Tadjikistana, Dushanbe 1974. M. Nurnazarov.