Petrografiya

Petrografiya (az yun. retros— sayt va …grafil), ilmest dar borai jinshoi kuhi, tarkibi minerali va khimiyavii onho, struktura va tekstu­ra, sharoiti joygirshavi, qonuniyati paydoish, tagyiryobi va pahnshavii jinshoi kuhi dar qishr va rui Zamin. Petrografiya ba silsilai ilmhoi geologi mansub buda, bo mineralogiya, geo­khimiya, vulkonshinosi, tektonika, stratigrafiya va talimot oid ba sarvathoi zerizamini zich alosamand ast. Petrografiya az rui tipi jinshoi kuhii omukhtashavanda ba Petrografiyai jinshoi kuuhii magmavi, metamorfi va takhshini yo litologiya judo meshavad. 95% qishri Zamin az jinshoi kuhii mag­mavi va metamorfi (to chuqurii 16—20 km) tarkib yoftaast.

Petrografiyai jinshoi magmavi jinshoi kuhii kristalliero meomuzad, ki dar natijai khunukshavi na kristallbandii magma hosil shudaand. Petrografiyai jinshoi meta­morfi jinshoi kuhiero, ki tarkibi peshtarai minerali va khimiyavii khudro tagyir dodaand, tadqiq mekunad. Inchunin jinshoi kushii bayni tahshini va magmavi hastand, ki tarkibi onho az moddahoi magmavi iborat buda, tarzi paydoish va sha­roiti joygirshaviashon ba jinshoi kuhii tahshini monand ast.

Usulhoi tadqiqoti petrografi gunogunand. Hangomi tadqiqoti sahroi namudi jinshoi kuhi, sharoiti joygirshavi, sinni jinsho, aloqamandii onho bo jinshoi kuhii atrof, tarkishho, joyhoi bahamrasii jinshoi kuhii gunogun va tagyiryobii onho omukhta meshavand. Yake az usulhoi asosii tadqiqoti petrogra­fi dar laboratoriyai ba vositai mikroskopi polyarizatsioni omukhtani shlifhoi (pardahoi tunuki) jinshoi kuhi meboshad. Jinshoi kuhiro bo usulhoi tahlili khimiyavi, rentgenostrukturi, spektri, termiki, muayyan kardani sinni mutlaq va rezonansi termoyadroi niz tadqiq mekunand. Dar omukhtani jins­hoi kuhii tahshini baze usulhoi makhsus (tahlili mekhaniki, muayyan kardani fauna, tadqiqi khususiyathoi fiziki va gayra) tatbik karda meshavand.

Dar prosessi tadqiqoti eksperimentali boshad, dar laboratoriyahoi makhsus jinshoi kuhiro tavassuti harorat va fishori baland gudokhta, tarzi paydoishi onhoro meomuzand. Dar asosi tadqiqothoi geologii sahroi, laboratori va eksperimentali dar khususi paydoishi jinshoi kuhi va ahamiyati amalii onho khulosa mebarorand. Holo Petrografiya ba petrokhimiya, petrofizika, petrotektonika (netrologiyai strukturi), fizikiyu khimiyavi, tekhniki va kayhoni barin qismho judo meshavad. Petrografiyai kayhoni meteoritho, jinshoi kuhii moh va digar sayyorahoro meomu­zad. Garchande dar asarhoi Abuali ibni Sino, Aburayhoni Beruni, M. V. Lomonosov va digaron oid ba jinshoi kuhi va paydoishi onho baze mulohizaho mavjud boshand ham, tanho dar miyonahoi asri 19, bad az on, ki baroi omukhtani jinshoi kuhi mikroskopi polyarizatsioniro tatbiq namudand (olimoni anglis G. K. Sorbi va nemis F. Sirkel), Petrografiya az geologiya judo shuda, ilmi mustaqil gardid.

To tatbiqi mikroskop jinshoi kuhiro ba 3 navi asosi — magmavi, tahshini va metamorfi judo karda budandu bas. Tadqiqoti mikroskopi imkoniyat dod, ki tarkib va sokhti jinshoi kuhi mufassal omukhta shavand. Oid ba paydoish va sababhoi gunogunii jinshoi kuuhi fikru mulohizahoi mukhtalif paydo shudand. Olimi nemis K. G. Rozenbush asosi sistematikai jinshoi kuhiro peshnihod kard. Olimi rus E. S. Fyodorov (18ED) usuli navi tadqiqoti mikroskopi – teodolitii mineralhoro ikhtiro namud, ki holo onro usuli Fyodorov menomand. Letrografhoi soveti F. Yu. Levin­son-Lessing tasnifi khimiyavii jins­hoi magmavi, A. N. Zavaritskiy asoshoi petrokhimiya, D. S. Belyankin petrografiyai tekhniki, D. S. Korjinskin va V. S. Sobolev masalahoi paydoshii jinshoi metamorfi, S. S. Smirnov, Yu. A. Bilibin va H. M. Abdulloev masalahoi aloqai madanu jinshoi kuhiro tadqiq kar­dand. Solhoi okhir usulhoi omuzishi formatsionii jinshoi kuhi .(G. D. Afanasev, V. S. Koptev-Dvoriikov, Yu. A. Kuznesov), tadkiki mufassa- li petrografy, mineralogi va petrokhimiyavii komplekshoi alohida, jinshoi kuhii qadimtarini qari Zamin va jinshoi kayhoni khele inkishof yoft.

Omuzishi Petrografiyai jinshoi magmavi va metamorfii Tojikiston az solhoi 30 ba munosibati tadqiqot­hoi geologii ekspeditsiyai Pomiri AF SSSR sar shud. Dar in soha khizmati V. A. Nikolaev, B. N. Nasledov, T. I. Ivanova, E. D. Polyakova, N. K. Morozenko, I. K. Nikitin, X* M. Ab­dulloev, M. X. Khamidov, I. V. Belov, A. T. Tarasenko, E. N. Goreskaya, I. V. Mushkpp, R. B. Barotov, S. M. Bobokhojaev, A. H. Hasanov va digaron kalon ast. Dar sohai Petrografiya asosan instituthoi tadqiqoti ilmii AF SSSR, idorayu upravleniyahoi Vazorati geologiyai SSSR va respublikahoi ittifoqi, donishkadahoi oli tadqiqot mebarand. Dar Tojikiston instituti geolo­giyai AF RSS Tojikiston, fakulteti geologiyai UDT va gayra bo tadqiqoti petrografi mashguland. Soli 1952 dar nazdi Shu­bai ilmhoi geografiya va geologiyai AF SSSR Komnteti bayniidoravii petrografiya tashkil yoft, ki on dar har respublika shubae dorad. Az soli 1953 in jonib dar har 4—5 sol yak bor majlisi mashvaratii umumiittifoqi va regionali barpo megardad. Asarhoi ilmii sohai Petrografiya dar seriyahoi geologii «Maruzaho» va «Akhborot»-i AF SSSR, inchunin dar jurnali «Geologiyai soveti» va gayra nashr meshavand.

Ad.: L e v i p s o n-L e s s i i g F. Yu., Nabr. trudi, t. 4— Petrografiya. M.. 1955; Zavariskiy A. N., Izverjennie gornie porodi. M., 1961; Saranchi na G. M., Shinkaryov M. F., Petrologiya magmaticheskikh v metamorficheskikh po­rod, M., 1973; Baratov R. B., Itogi i perspektivi izucheniya magmatizma, me­tamorfizma i metallogenii Tadjikis­tana. «Izv. AN Tadjikskoy SSR», Otd. fiz-mat. i geol-khim. nauk, M 1, 1976.