MUShTARI

MUShTARI (ar. lotini Jupiter), Birjis, Hurmuz (g), panjumin (az rui masofa to Oftob) va kalontarin sayyorai sistemai Oftob. Alomati astronomiash.^ .

Dar atrofi Oftob dar masofai andaryak 5,203 v. a. (778 million kilometr) harakat mekunad. Ekssentrisiteti madori Mushtari 0,048 buda, hamvorii madorash ba hamvorii ekliptika ba andozai 1,3° moil ast. Mushtari bo surati miyonai 13,06 kilometr/soniya harakat karda, dar davomi 11,862 sol yak marotiba atrofi Oftobro purra davr mezanad. Davri gardishi miyonai sinodii Mushtari ba 399 shaboruz barobar ast. Mushtari dar davomi 12 sol gunbadi osmonro qad-qadi ekliptika davr mezanad va hangomn muqobala hamchun sitorai zardchatobi qadri sitoravii zohiriash — 2,6 namoyon ast; dar vaqti muqobalai buzurg durakhshi on tanho az durakhshi Zuhravu Mirrikh kamtar meboshad.

Qursi namoyoni Mushtari shakli ellipsro dorad, ki tirhoi on hangomi muqobalai miyona tahti kunjhoi 46,5″ va 43,7″ namoyonand. Albedoi zohirii Mushtari 0,67 meboshad. Diametri akvatorii on ba 142600 kilometr, diametri qutbiash 134140 kilometr ast. Hajmi Mushtari az hajmi Zamin 1315 marotiba, massaash 318 marotiba ziyod ast. Massai Mushtari 1; 1047,39 hissai Oftobro tashkil medihad. Zichii miyonai Mushtari (1,33 gramm/santikmetr5) az zichii miyonai Oftob kam farq mekunad. Tezshavii ozodafti dar qutbi Mushtari 27,90 metr/soniya, dar ekvatori on 25,90 metr/soniya meboshad. Malumothoi peshinai astronomi dar borai Mushtari va radifhoi on bo natijahoi chenkuni va mushodidahoe, ki stansiyahoi avtomatii baynisayyoravii (SAB) amerikoi «Pioner-10» (1973) va «Pioner-11» (1974) guzarondaand, khele saheh va purra gardidand. Stansiyahoi avtomatii baynisayyoravii SAB-hoi amerikoi «Voyajer-l va 2» ba sui Mushtari parvoz namuda, ba on khele nazdik shudand (350 hazor kilometr az markazi sayyora) va dar atmosferai Mushtari fajri qutbi, barqro ba qayd giriftand.

Razryadhoi puriqtidori elektri imkoniyati az gidrogen, metan, ammiak va obi atmosferai Mushtari hosil shudani molekulahoi murakkabro muhayyo mesozand. Chunin molekulaho asosi paydoishi hayot shuda metavonand.

Sathi mushohidashavandai Mushtari az abrho va digar tashkilahoi atmosferi iborat buda, bo tasmahoi sershumori tirayu ravshan pushida shudaast, ki tobish va sokhti gunogun dorand. Miqdori garmie, ki az Oftob ba vohidi masohati Mushtari rost meoyad 51,0 Vatt/metrro tashkil medihad (az miqdori garmii ba vohidi masohati Zamin oyanda 27 marotiba kam). In garmi sathi Mushtariro to —163* Selsiya garm karda metavonad. Ammo andozagirihoi bevositae, ki ham bo tajhizoti ruizamini va ham bo yorii zondhoi kayhoni guzaronda dar ayni shudaand, nishon medihand, ki dar sathi Mushtari harorat ba — 128° Selsiya (az rui chenkunihoi afkanishoti infrasurkh) va hatto ba — 103° Selsiya (az rui chenkunihoi radiodiapazoni santimetri) merasad. Balandtarin harorate, ki dar yake az doghoi tirai nazdi ekvator ba qayd girifta shudaast —37° Selsiya meboshad. Sababi in guna harorat ehtimol faqat on seli garmie boshad, ki az qishri sayyora berun omada, nisbat ba seli garmii Oftob 2 marotiba ziyod ast. Tarkibi khimiyavii atmosferai Mushtariro bo usuli spektroskopi muayyan mekunand. Dar atmosferai Mushtari metan (SN<), ammiak (NH3), gidrogen (Na), bugi ob (N30), molekulahoi asetilen (S2N3),etan (S2N6), fosfin (RNe) va oksidi karbon (SO) oshkor karda shudaand.

Dar borai sokhti Mushtari yakchand aqidahoe mavjudand, ki ba tasavvurothoi gunogun doir ba tarkibi khimiyavii on asos yoftaand. Az sababi dar Mushtari kalon budani quvvai vaznini fishori gazho dar qari sayyora to raft meafzoyad va dar masofai 10 hazor kilometr az sahdi sayyora fishor chunon ziyod meshavad, ki gazi tarkibi Mushtari (gidrogen) az holati muqarrarii molekulavi ba holati metalli meguzarad. Barobari ba markazi sayyora nazdik shudan harorat afzuda, gidrogeni metalli gudokhta meshavad (harorat dar nazdikii markazi Mushtari beshtar az 18000R Selsiya, fishor ba 100 million atmosfera va zichi ba 20—30 gramm/santimetr barobar ast). Ba-zan takhmin mekunand, ki dar sathi haroratash nisbatan pasti Mushtari qa-bati gafsi yakh (N20) mavchud ast. Maydoni magnitii Mushtari az rui radio-afkanishote, ki makhsusan dar diapazoni desimetri va dekametri purzur ast, oshkor meshavad. Hamagi 16-to radifhoi Mushtari malumand, ki dar solhoi gunogun kashf karda shudaand (dar qavsayn radiusi onho bo kilometr va qahri sitoravii zohiriashon hangomi muqobala az rui mushohidahoi soli 1979 doda shudaand): 1 — Io (1820; 4,9); 2—Evropa (1530; 5,3); 3—Ganimed (2610; 4,6); 4 —Kalisto (2450; 5,6); 5—Amalteya (120; 13); 6—Gamaliya ( — 80; 14,2); 7—Elara ( — 50; 17); 8 —Pasifeya (—.12; 18); 9—Sinopa (-10; 18,6); 10—Lizifoya (-8; 18,8); 11—Karma (-9; 18,6); 12—Ananke (~8; 18,7); 13 —Leda (-5; 20); 14 — 1979 t 1 ( — 13; nomalum); 15—1979 t 2 (madorash dar bayni madorhoi Amalteya va Io voqest); 16 — 1979 t 3 (~20; nomalum).