MEKhANIZM

MEKhANIZM, (az yun. mechane — moshin), sistemai jismhost, ki harakati yak jism yo guruhi jismhoro ba harakati matlubi jismhoi digar tabdil medihad. Mekhanizm asosi aksari moshinhoest, ki dar bisyor asbobu apparat va oloti tekhniki istifoda meshavad. Jismi sakhtitarkibi (aveno) az yak yo chand detali vaslshuda iborat buda metavonad. Payvandi du zvenoi bahamrasanda, ki ba harakati niobii onho imkon medihad, jufti kinematiki nom dorad. Jufthoi kinematikii charkhzananda (sharnir), peshrazanda (davanu samtdinak), vinti (vintu gayka), sferavi (sharpiri kuravi) beshtar mamuland. Agar dar tabdiloti harakat gayr az jismhoi sakht moe yo gazho niz ishtirok kunand, Mekhanizmro muvofiqan Mekhanizmi gidravliki yo Mekhanizmi pnevmatiki menomand. Hangomi omukhtani harakati zvenohoi Mekhanizm skhemai kinematiki tartib doda, dar on malumothoi baroi muayyan kardani vaziyati zvenoho zarurro nishon medihand (rasmi 1). Baroi az rui skhemai kinematiki muayyan kardani vaziyati hamai zvenohoi harakatkunandai Mekhanizm donistani vaziyati yak zveno kofist. Zvenoero, ki vaziyati on baroi har yak lahzai vaqt malum ast, zvenoi ibtidoi menomand. Dar vaqti tadqiqi M. shumorai zvenohoi ibtidoii on boyad ba adadi darajahoi ozodi, yane ba shumorai tagyiryobandahoi novobasta, ki vaziyati hamai zvenohoro muayyan mekunand, barobar boshad. Mas., Mekhanizmi muharriki darunsuz, ki harakati rostkhattai porshenro ba harakati charkhzanandai zonunavard tabdil medihad, yak darajai ozodi (kunji charkhzanii krivoshinf) dorad. Mekhanizmi sharhiri du darajai ozodi doshta (rasmi 2) tagyiryobandahoi novobasta F, Fa yo F, Fz va yo Fz, Fz shudanashon mumkin ast. Mekhanizmero ki harakathoi charkhzani yo rostkhattaro ba harakati charkhzani (yo baraks) tabdil medihad, Mekhanizmi tahvili yo faqat tahvil menomand. Vobasta ba namudi zvenoho Mekhanizmhoi tahvilii dandonagi, fashangi, friksioni, zanjiri, tasmagi mavjudand. Mekhanizmhoi tahvilii gidravliki va pnevmatiki niz ba in guruhi Mekhanizmho mansuband. Az rui vazifa Mekhanizmhoro ba navhoi zerin judo mekunand: Mekhanizmhoi tabdildihandai harakat; Mekhanizmhoi tahvili harakat va korijrokunanda; Mekhanizmhoi idora, nazorat va rostkunanda; Mekhanizmhoi tamin, haml va ba khelho judokunanda; Mekhanizmhoi hisobkunanda, barkashaida va jobajokunandai mahsulot va g. Chunonchi, Mekhanizmhoi tabdildihandai harakat energiyaro ba kori mekhaniki yo kori mekhanikiro ba yagon namudi digari energiya tabdil medihand (muharrik, nasos, kompressor va g.); Mekhanizmhoi tahvili harakat harakati muharrikro ba moshinhoi tekhnologi yo Mekhanizmhoi igrokunanda (badi kam kardani surati charkhzanii navard) tahvil mekunad; Mekhanizmkhoi ijrokunanda bevosita ba muhit yo obekti korkardashavanda tasir mekunand (Mekhanizmi fishurandai press, shpindelhoi moshinhoi pakhtachini va g.).

Solhoi 60—70 a. 20 Mekhanizmhoi nave ba vujud ovarda shudand, ki baroi halli vazifahoi tekhnikai kayhoni (Mekhanizmi tahvili charkhzani dar vakuum Mekhanizmi orientasiyai fazoi), tekhnikai tibbi (apparathoy tanzim, bioprotezho), kor dar muhithoi baroi inson dastnoras yo khatarnok (qari ob, kayhon, reaktorhoi atomi) peshbini shudaand. Dar ijroi in korho manipulyatorhoi gunogune istifoda meshavand, ki asosi onhoro Mekhanizmhoi fazoii darajai ozodi bisyordoshta tashkil medihand, Inkishofi manipulyatorho boisi ikhtiroi robothoi sanoati gardid, ki avtomatonii prosesshoi korkard, montaj va vasl kardani masnuotro imkonpazir mesozand. Nig. niz Nazariyai moshin va mekhanizmon.

Ad.: Artobolevskiy I. I. Mekhanizmi v sovremennoy tekhnike, t. 1—5, M., 1979—81.