FIZIKAI ATOM

FIZIKAI ATOM, yak fasli fizikaro guyand, ki sokht va holathoi atomhoro meomuzad. Hamchun ilm ibtidoi asri 20 shakl giriftaast. To okhiri asri 19 atomro taqsimnopazir mehisobidand. Badi kashfi radioaktiviyat (1896, A. Bekkerel) va elektron (1897, J. Tomson) oshkor gardid, ki atom az majmui zarrahoi zaryadnok iborat budaast. Soli 1911 E. Rezerford modeli sayyoravii atom (dar girdi yadroi vaznini musbatzaryad davr zadani elektronho)-ro peshnihod kard.

Dar asosi in model N. Bor soli 1913 avvalin nazariyai kvantii atomro sokht. In nazariya tanho spektrhoi gidrogen va atomhoi gidrogenmonapdro sharh dodu bas, vale baroi atomhoi adadi elektronhoyashon az 2 ziyod tatbiq nashud. Nazariyai murattab va munazzami atom dertar dar asosi mekhanikai kvanti tahiya gardid. Solhoi 30—40 ba Fizikai atom hamon faslhoi fizika dokhil meshudand, ki bo sokht va khususiyatqoi yadro, nurhoi kayhoni, zarrahoi elementari sarukor doshtand, alhol onho sohahoi mustaqili fizikiand.