FITOPATOLOGIYa

FITOPATOLOGIYa (az fito… va patologiya), ilmest oid ba kasalihoi rastani, vositavu usulhoi peshgiri va bartaraf kardani onho. Dar miyonahoi asri 20 fitopotologiya hamchun ilmi kompleksie, ki az sohahoi mustaqil — fitomidologiya (ilmest oid ba kasalihoi zanburugii rastani), fitovirusologiya (nigared Kasalihoi virusii rastani), fitonematodologiya (ilmest oid ba bakteriozho va kasalihoi nematodii rastani), epifitotiologiya (ilmest oid ba sababho va qonuniyathoi khuruji kasaliho), fitoimmunologiya, fitotoksikologiya va gayra iborat ast, shakl girift.
Tashakkuli fitopotologiya dar Tojikiston bo inkishofi biologiya va mikologiya aloqamand ast. Solhoi 1892—93 V. L. Komarov nabototi kuhistoni Zarafshonro omukhta, 106 namudi zanburugi fitopatogeniro jam ovarda bud. Minbad mikroflorai olami nabototi Tojikistonro prof. N. G. Zaprometov, P. N. Golovin va R. F. Kuprovich omukhtand. Malumoti ba dast omada baroi muqarrar namudani zanbururhoi fitopatogeni, ki ba kishtzori ziroati khojagii qishloq zarari kalol merasonidand, imkon dod. Malumoti nakhustin oid ba tadqiqoti fitopatogeni avvali asri 20 (ba sababi dar Osiyoi Miyona, az on jumla dar Tojikiston, pahn shudani kasalii pakhta — vilti vergisillyoz) paydo shudand. Soli 1916 maqolai professor N. G. Zaprometov oid ba kasalihoi pakhtai okrugi Turkiston ba tab rasid. Mivbad u oid ba pahnshaviyu zararrasonii vilti pakhta va biologiyai angezandai on tadqiqot burd. Soli 1928 dar nazdi Shubai hifzi rastanii Komissariati khalqii ziroati SSSR laboratoriyai mikologiya (bo rohbarii prof. A. A. Yachevskiy) ba omuzishi kasalihoi pakhtai Osiyoi Miyona, az jumla Tojikistoya va Zakavkaziya, sar kard. Soli 1927 dar havolii Dushanbe stansiyai davlatii tajribavii seleksionii Tojikiston tasis yoft. Soli 1937 fitopatolog M. A. Ananeva dar stansiyai mazkur navhoi ziroati khojagii qishloq (gandum, jav, arzan, nakhud, nask, zagir, kunjid, mahsar, juvori, yunuchqa va gayra)-ro omukhta, yak qator kasalihoi in rastanihoro, ki dar Tojikiston malum nabudand, oshkor sokht; isbot namud, ki navhoi mahallii ziroati galladona nazar ba navhoi ba sharoiti mahal mutobiq nisbatan kam kasal meshavand.
Solhoi 30 instituti umumiittifoqii tadqiqoti ilmii hifzi rastani bo maqsadi oshkor sokhtani kasalihoi ziroati asosii khojagii qishloq, tadqiqi biologiyai angezandai kasaliho va sanjishi tadbirhoi gunoguni muborizai ziddi onhr dar Tojikiston shabakai punkthoi takyagohi barpo kard. Yake az in punktho dar shimoli Tojikiston siyohmushki poyai gandumro oshkor sokht. Malum shud, ki dar sharoiti respublika ba gandum beshtar siyohmushki sakht va ba pakhta asosan vilt zarar merasonad. Hamon solho dar vodii Hisor (dar qaribii Dushanbe) Instituti tadqiqoti ilmi khojagii mevayu sabzavot va tokparvarii Tojikiston tasis yoft.
Solhoi 1938—40 dar respublika vilti fuzariozi ba pakhtai navi mahinnakh zarari kalon rasond. Dar Staansiyai mintaqavii tajribavii pakhtai dar Vakhsh budai Instituti umumiittifoqii tadqiqoti ilmii pakhtakori (holo filiali dar Vakhsh budai Instituti tadqiqoti ilmii ziroati Tojikiston) bo rohbarii akademik V. P. Krasichkov yakchand navi pakhtai mahinnakhi ba vilti fuzariozi tobovar ruyonidand. Soli 1941 dar rayoni Leninobod (hozira rayoni Khujand) bo maqsadi tobovarii hamai navhoi pakhtai mahinnakhro ba vilti fuzariozi sanjidan, punkti makhsusi navsanjii pakhta tasis doda shud. Soli 1954 N. T. Kuznesova tadqiqi kasalihoi guza va nakhi pakhtai Osiyoi Myuyona, az jumla vodihoi Vakhshu Hisorro ba okhir rasond. Dar Instituti botanikai Akademiyai Fanhoi Tojikiston (bo rohbarii Ya. N. Korbonokaya) az soli 1947 in jonib flora, sistematika, ekologiyai mikro va makromisethoro meomuzand; 2000 khelu namud (az jumla 10 namudi nav)-i zanburughoi Pomiru Oloyro muayyan kardaand. Malum shud, ki ba rastanihoi khushador, sabzavot, darakhtoni mevadoru jangalii balandkuh ham zanburughoi fitopatogenii dar vodihoi respublika mavjuda zarar merasonand.
Ya. I. Korbonskaya tadqiqoti oid ba olami nabotot, sistematika va ekologiyai zanburughoi zangairo jambast karda, monografiyai «Zanburughoi zangai Tojikiston» (rusi; Stalinobod, 1954)-ro navisht, ki dar on oid ba 158 namudi zanburugi zanga malumot hast. Asari digari u «Fehristi zanburughoi zangai Osiyoi Miyona va Qazoqistoni Janubi» 7rusi; Dushanbe, 1969) dar omuzishi zanburughoi zanga va kasalihoi rastaniho sahmi kalon dorad.
Soli 1956 Istituti tadqiqoti ilmii ziroati Tojikistoi tasis yoft. Khodimoni ilmii shubai hifzi rastanii institut oid ba kasalihoi mikrooporiozi pakhta, ki solhoi 50 makhsusan ba pakhtazori vodihoi Hisoru Vakhsh zarar merasond, tadqiqot burdand va tadbirhoi muborizai ziddi in kasaliro darefta, tavsiyahoi muvofiq peshnihod kardand.
Solhoi 1957—62 M, Ya. Menlikiev dar Stansiyai mintaqavii tajribavii khojagii qishloqi dar Vakhsh budai Institutti tadqiqoti ilmii ziroati Tojikiston darajai ba vilti fuzariozi tobovarii navu duragahoi pakhtai mahinnakhro sanjid va oid ba rohhoi barham dodani in kasali dar sharoiti Vodii Vakhsh tajriba guzarond. Olimoni shubai hifzi rastanii Instituti tadqiqoti ilmii ziroati Tojikiston minbad oid ba biologiyai zanburugho, tasiri omilhoi muhit ba inkishofi kasaliangezho, davomoti davrai inkubasionii kasali dar sharoiti gunoguni ekologi, zeri tasiri omilhoi ekologi tagyir yoftani angezaidai kasalii vilt, ba kasali tobovarii navu duragahoi pakhta, sababi pajmurdagii gulu mevai darakhti sob, biookologiyai angezandai antraknoz va jel. (oidium), angezandai vilti vertisillyozi rastanihoi sitrusi (limu) va gayra tadqiqot burdand.
Olimoni Institutti tadqiqoggi ilmii bogu toqdorii Tojikiston ba muqobili illati meva va khushk shudani darakhtoni mevadori vodii Fargona tadbirhoi agrotekhliki andeshidand. Dar Laboratoriyai genetikai immuniteti pakhtai nazdi Akademiyai Fanhoi RSS Tojikiston omuzishi vilti vertisillyozi pakhta khele vusat yoft. Khodimoni laboratoriya navhoi zanburugi jinsi vertisiliumro, ki dar in mitaqahoi pakhtakori meruyand, muqarrar kardand. Bori avval dar SSSR kolleksiyai zanburughoi jinsi vertisiliumro (besh az 2000 shtam) jam ovardand. Holo tadqiqoti fitopatologi masalahoi ziyodero dar bar megirad: sistematika, filogeniya va ekologiyai zanburughoi fitopatogeni; seleksiya va genetika, takomuli tadbirhoi hifzi ziroati asosii khojagii qishloq az kasalihoi zanburugiyu bakteriyavi (vilti vertisillyoz va fuzarioz, siyohtosaki resha, makrosporiozu gomozi pakhta, siyohmug, gardzanii ziroati khushador), pajmurdagii darakhtoni mevadoru rastanihoi sitrusi va gayra.
Oid ba fitopotologiya dar Institutti tadqiqoti ilmii ziroat, kafedrai hifzi rastanii Instituti khojagii qishloq, Instituti ekologiya va parazitologiyai Akademiyai Fanho, Instituti botanika va Shubai genetikai umumii pakhtai Akademiyai Fanho va Instituti khokshinosii Komiteti davlatii agrosanoatii RSS Tojikiston tadqiqot mebarand.
Adabiyot: Peresipkin V. F.. Selsko- khozyaystvennaya fitopatologiya, M. 1974; Menlikkev M. Ya., Fuzarioenoe uvyadaniyo khlopchatnika, Dushanbe,1976; Osnovi integrirovannoy zashiti khlopchatnika ot vrediteley i bolezney v Sredney Azii, Dushanbe, 1976; Fitopatologiya, L., 1990; Kasyanenko A. G., Korbonskal Ya. I., Itogi razvitiya mikologii i fitopatologii v Tadjikskoy SSR. «Mikologiya i fitopatologiya». 1982, № 6; Obzori razvitiya i rasprostraneniya vroditeley i bolezney selskokhozyaystvennikh kultur v Tadjikistane i prognozi ikh poyavleniya. MSKh Tadjikskoy SSR (har sol nashr megardad). M. Ya. Menlikiev.