Таджикистан – Энциклопедия на таджикском языке КИТОБАМ

Nazariyai adadho, ilmest dar borai adadhoi butun. Mafhumi adadi butun, inchunin amalhoi arifmetiki bo adadho az davrahoi qadim malum buda, yake az abstraksiya (mafhum)-hoi avvali­ni matematika ba hisob meravad. Dar bayni adadhoi butup, yane,… —3, —2, —1, 0, 1, 2, 3,… adadhoi naturali — adadhoi butuni musbat 1, 2, 3, …

Nazariyai algoritmho, yak fasli matematikaro guyand, ki khosiyathoi umumii algoriglenoro meomu­zad. Hodisanoe, ki boisi ba vujud omadani mafhumi «algoritm» gardidaand, dar tamomi tarikhi mavjudiyati matematika vomekhurand. Ammo khudi mafhum tanho dar asri 20 purra tashakkul yoft va faqat solhoi 20 asri 20 dar tadqiqoti namoyandagoni intuitsionizmi matematiki L. E. Ya. …

Nazariyai boziho, yak fasli matematikaro guyand, ki dar vaziyati ikhtilof (yane dar surati ba ham zid omadann manfiati du va yo chand tarafho) qoidahoi ba dast ovardani natijahoi behtarinro me­omuzad. Khususiyati vaziyathoi ikhtilofi on ast, ki tarafho amaliyoti harifi khudro peshaki namedo­nand. Az hamin sabab Nazariyai bozihoro chun nazariyai qabul …

Nazariyai grafho yak fasli matematikaro guyand, ki obekthoyashro ba tariqi geometri meomuzad. Mafhumi asosii in nazariya graf meboshad. Graf tavassuti majmui qullaho (nuqtaho) va majmui teuaho (bandho)-e, ki baze az jufthoi (yo haman) qullahoro mepayvandand, muayyan karda meshavad. Jufthoi qullaho ba hamdigar bo yakchand tegakho payvast shuda metavonand. Masalan, majmui …

Nazariyai matematikiest, ki khosiyathoi skalya- ri, vektori (yo umuman tenzori) -i maydonhoro, yane havzahoi fazo (yo sath)-ero tadqiq, mekunad, ki ba har yak nuqtai M-i onho adadi i(M) (masalan, harorat, fishor, zichi, tadokhuli magniti) yo vektori a(M) (masalan, surati zarrai moei jori, shiddatnokii maydoni quvvagi, az jumla maydonhoi elektri va …