Jugrofia

TOPONIMIKA (az yunoni (topos— mahal, mako joy va onuma— nom), yak juzi onomastika, ki tarikhu sharoiti paydoish, inkishof, manovu mundarija va makoni intishori nomhoi geografi (toponimho)-ro meomuzad. Majmui nomhoi geografii in yo on mahal toponimiyaya on meboshad. Baroi ishorai nomi mahalhoi kalon istilohi makrotoponim» (makro…— kalon), baroi ismi mahalhoii khurd …

TOTORISTON, Respublikai Az.todom ii Sovetii Sosnal i st y (Tatarstan Avtonomii Soveti Sosialisti (Tatarstan Avtonomiyale Sovet Sosialistik Respublikasi), dar hayati RSFSR. 27 mayi 1920 tasis yoftaast. Masohat 68 hazor km2. Aholiash 3494 hazor vafot (1984); totorho (1642 hazor naf, muvofiqi baruykhatgirii aholi 1979), rusho, chuvashho va gayra. Aholii shahri 65%. …

TOShKENT, poytakhti Resspublikai Soveti Sotsialistii Uzbakiston markazi viloyat Toshkent. Dar vodii daryoi Chirchiq voqe ast. Uzeli rohi ohan. Aholiash 1986 hazor nafarar (1984). Ba 10 rayon toqsim shudaast. Dar Toshkent ziyoda az 200 korkhonai sanoati hast. Sohahoi asosii sanoat: moshinsozi, sanoati sabuk va khurokvori. Korkhonahoi kalontarinash: «Tashselmash», «Uzbekselmash», «Tashtekstilmash», kombinati …

TOShKENT, viloyatest dar hayati Resspublikai Soveti Sotsialistii Uzbakiston 15 yanvari 1938 tasis yoftaast. Masohatash 15,6 hazor km3. Aholiash 3956 hazor nafar (1984), aholii shahri 70,2%. Viloyat 13 rayon va 16 shahr dorad. Markazash shahri Toshkent. Qismi ziyodi hududash az hamvorihoi nazdikuhi iborat buda, sathash ba sui Sirdaryo past shuda meravad, …

TOMSK, shahr, markazi viloyati Tomski RSFSR. Dar sohili rosti daryoi Tom voqe ast. Bandari daryoi, stansiyai rohi ohan. Aeroport dorad. Aholiash 467 hazor nafar (1984). Dar Tomsk korkhonahoi sanoati moshinsozi va korkardi metall, khimiya, chubgari, sanoati sabuk, khurokvori mavjudand. Yak qator instituthoi tadqiqoti ilmi, 6 donishkadai oli (az jumla universitet, …

TOMSK, viloyatest (az 13 avgusti 1944), dar hayati RSFSR, Masohatash 316,9 hazor km2. Aholiash 939 hazor nafar (1984) ; aholii shahri 68%. 16 rayon va 8 shahr dorad. Markazash shahri Tomsk. Tomsk dar janubu sharqi hamvorii Sibiri Garbi joygir shudaast. Harorati miyonai yanvari —19°, —21°S, iyul 17—18m Borishoti solona 400—500 …

TONGA (Tonga), Shohii Tonga, davlatest dar janubu garbi uqyonusi Orom, dar galajazirai Tonga. Masohatash 699 km2. Aholiash 101,2 hazor nafar (1983); asosan polineziho — tongaiho. Zaboni rasmi — tongai va anglisi. Dinashon asosan protestanti; katolikon va nasroniyon niz hastand. Poytakht va bandari asosiash Nukualofa. Tonga ba Ittihodi Britaniya dokhil ast. …

TIH, biyobonest beobu alaf.

TOLYaTTI (to 1964 Stavropol), shahrest dar viloyati Kuybishevi RSFSR. Stansiyai rohi ohan, bandar dar obanbori Kuybishev. Aholiash 576 hazor nafar (1984). Zavodi avtomobilsozii Volga (VAZ), korkhonahoi moshinsozii vaznin, zavodi elektrotekhniki, ittihodiyai «Kuybishevazot», zavodi kauchuki sintezi, instituti politekhniki, teatr dorad. Shahr soli 1738 bunyod shudaast.

TOBAGO (Tobago), jaziraest dar uqyonusi Atlantik, dar hayati davlati Trinidad va Tobago. Masohatash 300 km2. Sathash kuhsor. Balandii kuhho to 576 m buda, az jinshoi vulqoni, granit va ohaksangho tarkib yoftaand. Iqlimi jazira subekvatori, garmu serborish. Dar Tobago beshahoi hameshasabz, inchunin plantasiyahoi kakav va nakhli norjil mavjudand. Shahri asosiash Skarboro.