TRAKTOR

TRAKTOR (az lotini traho — mebaram, mekasham), moshini tasmacharkh yo charkhin khudpardro guyand, ki baroi korhoi khojagii qishloq, rohsozi, zaminkovi, borkashoni va gayra tain shudaast.
Nakhustin Traktorhoi charkhdori bo muharriki bugi korkunanda soli 1830 dar Britaniyai Kabir va Fransiya paydo shudand, ki onhoro dar naqliyot, korhoi harbi va badtar dar khojagii qishloq istifoda kardand; dar khojagii qishloqi ShMA az soli 1890 ba kor mebarand.

Traktori tasmacharkhro dar Rossiya D. A. Zagryajskiy (1837) va A. P. Kostikov-Almazov (taqriban 1889) ikhtiro kardand. Mekhaniki rus F. A. Blinov soli 1888 Traktori tasmacharkhi bo du muharriki bugi korkunandaro sokht va sanjid. Solhoi 1893—95 ikhtirokori khudomuzi rus Ya. V. Mamin arobachai khudgardero, ki muharriki darunsuz dosht, ikhtiro kard. Avvalin Traktorhoi charkhii muharriki darunsuzdorro firmai «Khart-Parr» (1901, ShMA) istehsol kard. Istehsoli Traktorhoi tasmacharkh soli 1912 dar ShMA, badtar dar Germaniya va digaron davlatho sar shud. Dar SSSR avvalin Traktorro («Fordzon-Putiloves») soli 1923 sokhta, istehsoli ommavii onro soli
1930 ba roh mondand. In imkoniyat dod, ki az soli 1932 importi Traktorro bas kunand. Traktorhoi zamonavi balandsifatand. Afzoishi iqtidori muharrikho, behtarshavii sharoiti kori traktorchi, universali, boetimodi va khushsifatii kor — chunin ast inkishofi tekhnikii Traktor Avtomatonii idorai mekhanizmho va agregathoi Traktor amali megardand. Modelhoi navi Traktorho (nigared rasm) — K-701, T-150 K, MTZ-80/82 va gayra bo muharrikhoi dizelii pursamar, quttihoi tahvili serzina, kabinahoi ventilyasiyador va gayra jihozonida shudaand.
Traktorho az rui tainotashon ba Traktorhoi khojagii qishloq va Traktorhoi sanoati judo meshavand. Traktorhoi umumii khojagii qishloq dar holati agregati bo mekhanizmhoi makhsus (mekhanizmhoi shudgor, kultivasiya, kisht, gunuchin va gayra) amal mekunand. Traktorhoi puriqtidori khojagii qishloq baroi az khud namudani zaminhoi navkoram va bekorkhobida, kandani reshai darakhton va digar korho istifoda meshavand. Traktorhoi shudgorkunanda ba mekhanikonii korkardi bayniqatori [kultivasiya, narmkuni, doruposhi, gunuchini hosil (juvorimakka, lablabui qand, pakhta) va gayra] imkoniyat medihand. Quvvai kashishi Traktorhoi sanoati nisbat ba Traktorhoi khojagii qishloq beshtar ast. Onho dar holati agregati bo moshinhoi (asbobhoi) oveza (belhon buldozeri, barftozakunak, duli ekskavatori) va yadaki (skroper, greyder va gayra) korhoi zaminkovi, rohsozi, meliorativi va gayraro ijro mekunand. Dastgohi quvva az muharrik va olathoi kori oiro taminkunanda iborat ast. Traktorhoi charkhi tavassuti charkhhoi pesh idora meshavand. Baroi gardishi Traktori tasmacharkh basomadi gardishi charkhhoi barandai tasmacharkhi rost yo chapro isgifoda mebarand (basomadro ba vositai muftahoe tormozho tagyir medihand).
Tajhizoti elektrii Traktor az mavbahoi elektri (baareyahoi akkumulyatori, generator), asbobhoi korandozii muharrik, ventelyasiyai kabina, intiqoli signalhoi sadoi va shuoi iborat ast. Dar Tojikiston soli 1926 avvalin Traktor paydo shud. Soli 1930 dar rayonhoi asosii pakhtakori — Shahrtuz, Saroi Kamar (Panj), Aral (Kuybishev) va Cheptura (Hisor) nakhustin 4 stansiyai moshiniyu traktori tashkil shud, ki onho 300 tarktor doshtand. Holo dar kolkhoz va sovkhozhoi respublika traktorhoi navi K-701, T- 150, MTZ-vO/82, T-150 K va gayra vase istifoda meshavand.