TOSAK

TOSAK, yak nav kasalii khavfnoki rastaniro guyand, ki asosan zanburughoi khurdi kasaliangez (bazan aktinomisetho va bakteriyaho) ba vujud meovarand. Tosak ba boftahoi rui barg, meva, gul, navda, kunda va bekhmeva oseb merasonad. Dar natijai Tosak pusti darakht mekafad, meva jirmnok (dogdoru zakhmi) meshavad. Az Tosak bisyor rastanihoi khojagii qishloq oseb meyoband. Tosak asosan ba sebunok, kartoshka, rastanihoi sitrusi va qisman ba lablabu, olubolu va ziroati digar zarar merasonad.

Tosaki sebu nok dar hama khojagihoi bogdor ruy medihad. Angezandai Tosaki seb (zanburugi Venturia inaegualis) va Tosaki nok (Venturia) asosan ba bargu meva (dar nok ba navdahoi navras ham) oseb merasonad. Dar rui barg, meva va gul gardi makhmalii zardv burtob, kabudi zardtob, siyohi khokistarrang yo siyoh paydo meshavad. Dar pusti navdaho lundachahoi girdai pufakmonand ba vujud meoyand, pust kafida, zakhmdor meshavad. Bargu gulhoi osebdida pesh az muhlat merezad, mevaho khushk shuda aksar mekafand. Tosak ba sebu nok zarari kalon meovarad. Dar natijai Tosak az 30 to 100 %-i bargu meva oseb meyobad, ki in boisi kam shudani hosil megardad. Hangomi sakht oseb didani bargho assimilyasiya nomurattab shuda, nafasgiri shiddat meyobad. Vayronii proseshoi fiziologi boisi khazonrezii barmahal, sust shudani qobiliyati sabzish va sarmobardorii rastani megardad. Mevahoi kasal khele badsifat meshavand, der namepoyand, zud mepusad. Angezandahoi Tosaki sebu nok dar barghoi ilatnoke, ki ba zamin rekhtaand, zimiston guzaronida, bahor, vaqti mugchabandi bolig meshavand. Bahor onhoro dar rui bargho didan mumkin ast. Dar ruy va pushti bargho doghoi siyoh paydo meshavand. Tosak makhsusan soyahoi serborish khele khavfnok ast. Tosaki sebu nok beshtar dar nohiyahoi sernam (kishvari Krasnodar, Gurjiston, Armaniston, Ozarboyjon, Ukraina, Moldaviya, Sharqi Dur, Sibir, mintaqahoi markazi va gayrisiyohzamin) ruy medihad.
Usulhoi muboriza: jam kardanu suzondani barghoi kasal, tiramoh narm kardani bekhi darakhton, ba khok va tanai darakhton poshidani fungisidho va mahluli 60- foizai nitrafen, intikhobi navhok sebi ba Tosak tobodar (Antonovka, Suvoroves, Prima, Prissilla, Renet va gayra) va nok (Bere Ligelya, Bere Klerjo, Bere Book, Nyure).
Tosaki kartoshka yakchand khel meshavad. Angezandai Tosaki muqarrarii kartoshka (namudhoi gunoguni aktinomisetho — Asrinomyses scabies, A. tricolor, A. sretaces va gayra) faqat ba lundai kartoshka oseb merasonad. In kasali beshtar dar regkhok, ichunin dar khokhoi ohakdor ba nazar merasad. Tosaki muqarrari kasalii khavfnoki kartoshka ast. Hangomi vusat yoftani kasali kartoshka pastsifat meshavad, mepusad. Lundahoi kasalro kisht kardan mumkin nest. Manbai kasali khok va lundahoi kasale, ki ba zamin shinondaand. Navhoi kartoshkai Berlikhengen, Kameraz, Priekulskiy, Yubel, Arnika, Kardinal va gayra ba Tosaki muqarrari tobovarand.
Tosaki Khokai kartoshkaro zanburugi Spongospora subterranera ba vujud meorad. Kasali asosan dar gilkhok va gilkhoki regdor, inchunin torfkhoki mintaqai shimoli garbii SSSR vomekhurad. Dar sathi lundahoi dar khokbuda zakhm paydo meshavad, ki vaqti kandan dar havoi kushod zud mekhushkad. Dar joi osebdidai lunda khokae ba nazar merasad, ki on sporahoi zanburugi kasaliangez meboshad. Az Tosaki khoka navhoi Parnaosiya, Yubel, Majestik, Lorkh, Kardilal kamtar oseb meyoband.
Tosaki nuqraguni kartoshka dar nohiyahoi shimolu garbi va Sharqi Dur vomekhurad. Angezandai on —zanburugi Spondulosladium atrovirens. Dar sathi lundaho doghoi nuqragun paydo meshavand. Vaqti hosilgundori dogho noayonand, vale badtar (qaribihoi bahor) onho kalon shuda, kartoshkaro nobud mekunand. Navhoi ba in kasali tobovar nestand.
Tosaki oosporozi kartoshkaro zanburugi Oospora pustulans ba vujud meovarad. Dar lunda doghoi khurdi qunoqaki ba rangi pusti lunda monand yo bazan siyohtob paydo meshavand. Navhoi ba in kasali tobovar nestand.
Siyohtosak yo rizoktonnozi kartoshka beshtar dar qismi shimol va markazii SSSR vomekhurad. Angezandai kasali (zanburugi Rizoctonia solani) dar neshaki kartoshka inkishof meyobad. Siyohtosak makhsusan dar davrai lundabandi va neshzanii kartoshka zarari kalon merasonad. Dar joyhoi osebdidai neshaki lunda dogi buri siyohtob paydo meshavad, neshak az hamoya jo meshikanad va az zamin baromada mepusad. Lundahoi osebdida tamoman namesabzand yo khele der nesh mezanand. Kasali makhsusan dar solkhoi serborish khele avj megirad. Navhoi ba in kasali tobovar nestand. .
Usulhoi muboriza: rioyai kishtgardon; istsfodai navhoi ba kasali tobovar; shinondani lundahoi sihat; zahroludonii kartoshkai tukhmi.
Az Tosaki rastanihoya sitrusi limu va aflesun oseb meyoband. Angezandai kasali—zanburugi Sphaniceloma- fawsetti.
Dar bargu mevaho doghoi khurdi girdai zardtob paydo meshavand, ki minbad ba zakhm yo karakhsh mubaddal megardand. Mevaho bad va illatnok iykishof meyobayd, hangomi osebyobi gurakho merezand. Navdahoi kasal az inkishof memonand.
Usulhoi muboriza: buridan va sukhtani qismhoi osebdidai rastani to ibtidoi nashundmo; ba rastani poshidani fungisidho.
Tosaki lablaburo aktinomisetho (Astinomuses scabiis, A. sretakius,
A. albus) va bakteriyaho (Vasterium scabiegenum) ba vujud meovarand. Dar reshai lablabu zakhm paydo meshavad. Tosaki oluboluro zanburugi Karaculuina segasi ba vujud meovarad. Mevai kasal chindor va khushk meshavad.
Adabiyot: Peresipkin V. F. Selskokhozyaystvennaya fitopatologii, Moskva, 1069; Kartofel, Moskva, 1970; Stepanov K. M., Chumakov A. E., Prognoz bolezney selskokhozyaystvennikh rasteniy, L., 1972; Fitopatologiya, L., 1980.