Shahri SAMARQAND

SAMARQAND az qadimtarin shahrhoi Osiyoi Miyona, yake az mehanhoi asosii tamadduni klassikii tojik, markazi hozira viloyati Samarqandi RSS Uzbekiston (az soli 1938). Dar poyoni miyonobi daryoi Zarafshon voqe ast. Poezdhoi Toshkent — Dushanbe, Krasnozolsk — Toshkent; Toshkent — Tirmiz az stansiyai rohi ohani Samarqand meguzarand. Az sathi bahr dar balandni
655 m. Aholiash 503 hazor (1983). Masohatash 51,9 km2. Samarqand 1970-um 2500-solagiash jashn girifta shud. 5 fevrali 1971 bo ordeni Lenin mukofotonida shud.

Dimnai Samarqandi qadim, ki holo Afrosiyob nom dorad, dar samti shimolii
Samarqand joy girifta, 219 ga masohat dorad. Samarqand az miyonai hazorai 1 to melod to ibtidoi asri 13 melodi chun markazi hayoti mamuri dar hamin jo bud. Osori shahri atiqa dar mavzehoi gunoguni Afrosiyob mushohida gardidaast. Myappikhoni yunoni, az jumla Kur- Ruf (asri 1) Samarqandro Maroqand, shahri obodu zebo, mustahkam nom burdaand. Girdogirdi qalai on besh az 10 km budaast. Az asri 4 to melod to asri 6 melodi Maroqand — poytakhti davlati Sugd bud. Solt 329 to melod Samarqandro Iskandari Maqduni zabt kard. Samarqand dar ahdi Kushoniyon khele nashunamo yoft. Osori binohoi boshukuh, ustokhonahoi sershumori hunarmandi, yoft shudani haykalchahoi gilin, zarfhoi safoli, gulahoi sangin, paykonhoi ohappi, lavozimoti mu- kotibot, porchai zarfi navishtajoti sugdpdor va g. mahsuli hamin ah- dand, ki az simoi etniki, rivojp khunarmaidi, madaniyati balandp khalq dar nn davra shahodat mediqand. Dar in vaqt ravobitv Tijoratii S. bo mamlakathoi Sharqu Garb boz ham rivoj meyobad. Bozyofthoi masnuoti shpshagii rumi va hujjathoi ae Khu- tan paydoshudai sugdi daleli nand.
Dar davrai inqirozi sokhti gulom- dori va nbtidoi tashakkulp munosp- bathoi feodal» (a-hoi 4—5) maso- hati S. ya k a n doza khurd shuda, hunar- mandpyu savdo ru ba tanazzul ovard. Faqat dar okh. a. 5— avv. a. 6 hayoti shakhr az nav barqaror gardid. S. dar a. 6— avv. a. 8 hamchun poytakhtp dav- lati Sugd yodovari shuda. opro hokp- moni mahalln — ikhshndho ndora mena rda a nd. Davlati Sugd, aa jumla S. dar okh. a. 6 ba Khoqonii turk dokhil karda shud. Vale ikhshidkho hokimpyati khudro nigoh doshta, dar spyosat sohibistpqlol budand. S. bo du hal- qai devor va nahr ihota shuda, dar por samti on darvozakhoi Kssh, Nav- bahor, Bukhoro va Chin sokhta mesha-vand. Ba vositap S. savdoi Garbu Sharq ravnaq megirad. Savdogaroni S. ba Khoqonin turk, Khitoy, Eron, Hiiduston, Misru Suriya, shahrhop imnriyai Vizantiya mol msburdaid. Safirp Khntoy Vey-Sze, ki dar avv. a. 7 ba S. omada bud* navishtaast, ki «mardumi on jo khama tojironi mo- hir, hamkn ki bacha 5-sola shud, onro khatu savod meomuzand, khondanro, ki yod girift, majbur mekupand tijo- rat omuzad». Qarorgoqi ikhshidho S. buda. osori on davra to holo boqist.
Az n i may duyumi a. 7 arabho ba Movarounnahr cap darovardaand. S- hoi 676, 680 khokimoii arab dar Khu- roson Said ibni Usmon va Salim nb- ni Zayd baron zabti S. kushidaid. Faqat ba sarlashkari makkoru mokhnri khnlofat, hvkimi na v i Khurosop Qutayba ibpi Muslim muyassar shud, ki s. 712 S.-ro aabt pamoyad. Badi ba Khplofati arab hamroh karda shu- daii Sugd va dig. viloyathoi Mova- rounnahr, aa jumla S. in mamolik dar tuli a. 8 va avv. a. 9 ba arsai muborizai nurshiddati ziddi isti- logaron tabdil yoft. Mardumi S. bar enddi istplogaroni ajnabi muborizai bardavom burd. S. markazi bis- yor shurishqoi sugdiyon va dig. khalq- khoi Osiyoi Miyona (shurishi s-hoi 720 —722 sugdkyon, shurishi s-ho.i 735— 737 sugdiyonu. takhoristoniyon, shuri- shi Sharik ibni Shaykh (s-hoi 750— 751), Isyoni Muchanna (s-hoi 776 —783), shurpshi Rofe ibni Lays (s-hoi 806—810) va g.) bud. S. okh. a. 9 ba hayati davlati Somopiyon dokhil shuda, dar tashakkulu boloravii on maqomi ouzurg dosht. S. dar eamoni tashakkul va taraqqin davlati Somo- niyon (a. 9—10) nashuiamo yofta, obodu sernufus gardid. Atrofi shahr, khususan qismi januby va gar- bii on makopi hunarmandiyu tijo- rat qaror girifta, yakjoya bo rabot- ho, bogot va kishtzorkhoyash bo devori muhofizat — «Devori qiyomat» ihota shud. Qasrn khokimoni somoni, mu- jassamakhoi kandakori, masjidp jo- ms, kushkho, ibodatkhonayu korvonsaroyhoe, ki dar natijai hafriyot yoft shudaand, az nashunamoi shakhr shahodat medihand. Shahr chun pesh- tara 4 darvoza (Navbaqor, Oqanin, Bukhoro va Sharqp) dosht. S. pas az Bukhoro yake az markazhoi peshqadami ilmu fanni ahdi Somoniyoi khisob msyoft. Dar S. va dig. shahru dekhoti vodpi Zarafshon ba choi zaboni sug- dy zaboni dari-tojiki pahn shud, ki on minbad zaboni davlatpp Somo- niyon gardid. Az okh. a. 8 va avv. a. 9 adabiyoti badsii sugdpyon — tojikon ba zaboni dari-tojmki inkishof yofta i shrift. Avvalin shoirone, ki dar S. ba zaboni dary sher guftaand, Abu^afsi Sugdi, Abulyanbagi, Abbos ibni Tarkhoni Samarkand» (Abuta- qi) budand. Ejodpyoti nn shoiron ompli asosni gul-gulshukufii she- ri a. 10 dar Movarounnahru Khuro- son gardid. Asosguzori adabis- *RI klassikii tojigk Abuabdullchkhchi Rudamy dar S. ba kamol rasnda- ast.
Az a. 11 cap karda ba S. qabila- hoi turk cap darovardand: avval qa- rokhoiiqo, bad turkqoi saljuky.dar m iena i a. 12 qarakidoppyoI. Nstilo- garon ba shakhr khele zarar rasondand. Ravnaqi ilmu adab, ki dar davrai Somoiiyon cap shuda bud, to andoeao bozdoshta shud. Bo vujudi on namo- yandagopi ilmu adabi S. Rashidii Samarkanda, Sueanii Samarkanda, Shatranchii Samarkand», Nieomii Aruzii Samarkanda pa dig. anana- Khoi peshinagonro inkishof doda, az khud merooi garoloioya 601K11 guzosh- tand.
1560 S. 1210 S.-ro Mukhammeda Khorazm- shoh eabt kard. Bar zpddp asoratp u s. 1212 khalqp eulmdnda shurpsh bardosht. Besh ae 10 haa. kas qurboni vaqshoniyati Khorazmshoqiyon gardid. Muhammadi Khorazmshoh S.-ro marka- zp davlati khud qaror dodaiP tuda, ba bpno kardanp masjldp jome va qasri shoh shuru kard. Dsro pa- guzashta lashkarn Chingiekhon ba Mo- varounnaqr hujum karda, s. 1220 S.- ro istilo iamud. Istilogaroip mu- gul shahrro ba vayrona tabdil doda, aksari akholii onro nobud kardapd. Afrosyayob ba ‘kully kharob gasht. S. 1365—66 ba muqobnln asorati Chin- gpziyon shurishi buzurgi khalqy cap zad, ki on dar tarikh bo komi shu- rnshp sarbadoron mashqur ast. S. 1366 Husayn va Temur shurishro lakhsh karda, S.-ro ba dast ovardand.
S. 1370 amir Temur balvo bardosht. Husaynro ba qatl rasond va sohibi mutlaqi S., Bukhoro va tamomi Mo- arounnahr gardyd. Temur S.-ro poy- takhti khud qaror dod va dar atrofi on davlate tashkil namud, k i sar- hadi on az sohilp d-hoi Zarafshonu Sir to D-XJOH Hpndu Gang, az k. Tiyon- shon to sohilhoi b. Miyonazamin tul mekashid. S. dar ahdi Temur va Te- muriyon (okh. a. 14 va a. 15) ba yake az zebotarin shahrhoi Sharq, ba bu- zurgtarin markazi NQTISFDN, siyosp va madanii Osiyoi Miyona tabdil yoft. Dar in davra dar S. dahho bi- nohoi boshukuh, dar qismi garbii shahr qala (34 ga), korgohhoi hu- yaarmandi, dukonhoi savdo, timho, choykhonavu oshkhonaho, korvonsaroyhoi bisyor, dar dokhili qala 2 qasr — Kuksaroy va Bustoisaroy, ustokhona- kh,oi yaroqsozi. zarrobkhona va mahbas sokhta shud. Kuksaroy imorati chor- oshyona buda, qasri asosii davlatP hisob meshud. Amir/ amnrzodagon berun az qala qasru boghoi boshu- kuh: Bogi Naqshi Jahon (s-hoi 70 a. 14), Bogi Shamol (1367), Bogi Bi- hisht (1378), Bogi Dilkusho (1397— 98), Bogi Na v (1404) va g. bunyod kardand. Dar dokhilu atrofi shahr masjidn jomei Bibikhonim (1399— 1404), maqbarai Guri Mir (1404), ansambli Shohizinda (a-hop 14—15), madrasai Ulugbek (1417—20), rasad- khonap Samarkand (1428—29), maqba- rahoi Chuponato (miyonan a. 15), Ish- ratkhona (a. 15), Oqsaroy (s-hoi 70 a. 15) va g. sokhta shudand, ki osori onho holo ham binandaro ba hayrat megueorad. S. <dar eamoash Temur va naberai u Ulugbek (1409—49) ba yake az markazhoi ilmii on davr mubad- dal gardid. Olimon Qozizodai Rumy, Khojai Khurd, Sodiq, Mavlonoi Khofy, Alouddavlai Samarqandi. Giyosuddi- ni Jamshed, Muiii Koshony, Salo- hiddini Musavi, Alouddiii Quga- chi va dig. dar S. zindagi va ajod kardaand. Dsari «Zi-chi jadidi kura- gon i» mahsuli NYaM1GI o l imeni m aktami ilmlsh Samarkand meboshad.
Kladeykopi mathuri adabiyoti to- jmku uzbok JoiY pa Napoy ham dar S. tph-sil pa takmili ilm kardpapd. Bisoty, Sakkoki, Khovary, Javhari, Mireokhojap SugdP, Riyozi, Davlat- shoh, Ashki, Dusty, Davoy, Viqori, Zangori, Hozir, Taby, Sodiq, Fit- rat, Khatty, Nidoi, Oshiq, Bibi Or- zu va g. niz dar S. tavallud shuda, epndagy va ejod kardaand.
S. 1500 S.-ro qaoilahoi bodiyanp- shini uzbek bo sardorpp Mukhammad Shaybonikhon zabt namudand. To miyo- nai a. 16 S. poytakht va markazi hayo- ti iqtisody va siyosii davlati Shayboniyon bud. S. 1576 poytakht ba Bukhoro kuchonda tuda, S. ba khopii Bukhoro dokhil gardid. Tokhtutozu goratgarihoi khonhoi ashtarkhopi, mangit va pstilogaropi digar (a- hoi 17—18) S.-ro khele kharob kar-dand. Bo vujudi on anaiahoi iqti- oosy t madapii tojikon qat laga rdnd. Mah|Sulogti huvarmandoyai S. dar bisyor shahru dehoti Osiyoi Miyona va mamlakathoi Shark shuhrat dopgt. Ea S. az Khitoy, Rossiya, Eroya, Khinduston va dngar maml&katqoi Sharsu Garb savdogaron meamadand. S. to nimai duyumi a. 19 duyumin za bu- zurgtarin markazi hunarmandiyu ti- joratii khonii Bukhoro bud. Ilm, ada- biyotu sanat dar a-hoi 16—17 nazar ba a. 15 susttar pesh raft. Bo vuju- di on sahmi ahli ilmu adabi S. dar a-qoi 16—17 ham kam nest. Munaj- jimon Maqmud ibni Muhammad, Naj- muddini Birjandy, Mirim Chalaby, tabiboni shoir — Boqip Jarroh, Davoy, olimoni shoir — Maleho, Mukhammad Darvesh, Dusty, Kafshy, Mav- lono, Sadulloh Shohy, Khoja, shoi- ron Afgor, Imtpkhon, Mullo Baqoi Tamosho, Mullo Samey, Mulham, Sar- faroz, Fptrati Zarduz, Mumtoz, Makh- mur, muarrikh Said Roqpm va g. dar S. zindagi va ejod kardaand. A. 17 dar S. sanati khattoty va min- yotura rivoj yoft. Mashkhurtarin min- yoturistoni in davr Mukhammad Mu- rod, Mukhammad Nodir, Mukhammad Sharif va Mukhammad Darvesh buda nd. Dar in davr binokory niz ravnaq dosht. Dar maydoni Registon madrasakhoi Sherdor (1619—36) va Tillokory (1646—60), dar nazdi qab- ri Khoja Aqpopu Vali Madrasa (1630 —36), janubtari shahr maqbarai Khoda Abdul Berun (a. 17) va g. sokhta shud. 2 may 1868 S. az tarafi armiya» Rossiyan podshokhD zabt va ba imperiya» Rossiya hamrah karda shud. Hukumati Rossiyan podshohy beki- hoi S. va Kattaqurgonro muttaqid namuda, okrugi Zarafshonro tashkil namud, ki markazash S. bud. Sonptar ba pn okrug Panjaksnt va nokhiyakhoi kuhistoni Zarafshon niz dokhil shudand. S! 1886 okrugi Zarafshon vil. S. nom girift. S. 1896 S. ba vosi- tai rohi ohan bo Krasnovodsk, s. 1899 bo Toshkent payvasta shud. Ba- di ba Rossiya kh&mrokh shudan dar S.
pa um um a p dar Osiyoi Miyopa gulomdo- ry pa kharidu furu shi gulomoi man gasht. Okh. a. 19 va i ot. a. 20 dar S. sanoat (pakhtatoeakuny, charmgary, khu- rokvory va g.) rivoj yofta, yakchand zavodkhoi pakhta, pilla, charm, sharobka shy sokhta shuda, dar muiosibathoi istehsoly ulsurhoi kapitalist» pay- do shuda id. Simon shakhr kham tadri- jan tagynr yofta, dar jan. garbii on shahri nav, kuchahoi rost, imo- rathoi tipi evropoip az khishti pukh- ta sokhtashuda paydo shudaid. Dar shakhri «nav» gimnaziya va chaid mak- tabi ruspi mahally kushoda shud (s. 1917 dar S. 42 maktab bud), ki mav- qei oiho dar pahn gardidapi zaboin rusy, madaliyati peshqadami rus, talimi faihoi tabiatshinosy naloi bud. Baron yorii tnbbn ba akholii makhally chand ambulatoriya, be- morkhona va dorukhona sokhta shud. Av- valin tabobatkhona s. 1870 ba kor daromad. S. 1885 baron zanoy va ba- chahoi aholii mahalli tabobatkhona bunyod gardid. S. 1870 kitobkhoiap jamiyati, s. 1874 muzei tarikh kushoda shud. Dar mukhiti adabin S. 2 Haipaiem: ta/raqqipzrva(rik) domosraty (Abdulkarnmi Sipandy, Nazruddpnp Hodi, Mirzo Akrami Fpkrn, Abduda- lili Pisandi, Naqibkhoni Tugral, Jurat, Saidahmadn Vasli, Shaku- ry, S. Ayny, Mukhammad Rakhim va dig.) va irtijoi (Abdulmajidi Shav- qi, Muhammadn Olim, Hojy Sobir) vujud dosht. Namoyandagoni jarayoii demokratl bo goyahoi pesh qa da mi ma- orifparvary baromad karda, kushi- daaid, ki adabiyot ba khalq khvzmat kunad; namoyandagoni jarayoni irti- joi iazariya1g dshnl-tasa vvufiro tablig namuda, sistemai maorpfro ba munosibathoi navtavlidi bur- juazy muvofiq kunondapy meshu- dand. Baroy ommavy gardonpdapi ada- biyoti badey va ilmy s. 1894 dar S. matbaa sokhta shud. Dar ibt. a. 20 bo rohbarii korgaroi va muhojironi ba Osiyoi Miyona badargashudai rus dar S. tashkilothoi sosial-demokrati ba vujud omadand; s. 1904 bo roqbarii bolshevik M. V. Morozov avvalin krujokp sospal-dsmokraty tasis yoft, ki on ba korkhoi revolyusions rohbarn mekard. Khudi hamon sol baroi propaganda» goyahon re vol yu- sioiy ‘bolshevpkoya «Salargone?» lyu( gazeta tasis kardand. S. 1905 kru* jokhoi sosial-demokratii S. ba ko- mpteti sosial-demokratii shaqry muttahid gardidand. Apr. 1917 Sove- ti deputathoi soldatho va ofisero- ni garnizoni S., Soveta deputathoi korgaroni shakhri «pap» va Soveti do* putathoi korgaroni shakhri kuqpa muttahid shuda, Soveta deputathoi korgaroi, soldatkho va musulmoioiro tashkil dodald. Hokimnyati Soveti dar S. 28 noyab. (11 dek.) 1917 elon shud. S. ba khlyatp RASS Turkistop dokhil gardid. S. s.-hon 1924—30 poy- takhti RSS Uzb. bud. HoloS. duyumin
№(byadp Tosh kon t) shlhri seraholy pa doroy sapoati mutaraqqii Uzbekis- ton buda, boshtar az 08 korkhonai kalo- U1I sanoatP dorad. Dar panjsolai 1-um (1929—32) f-kahoi abroshim va sho* hibofi, z-di kopserl. f-kan noy ba kor 1 idokhta HI ud. Dar s* chhoi Sangi Buzurgi Vata n P (1941—45) z-dhop «Krasniy dvigatel» (istsdsolku* pandan qismhoi ehtibti baron traktoru avtomobilho), «Kinap» (nsted- solkunandai apparaturan kino va g.), f-kan tamoku va resandagy ba S. kuchoshsda shut. Dar shahr za podi khilshya (1948), f-kai poyafzol
(1959), kombni khoiasozP (1901), f-kai msbel (1966), z-di chinpvory (1970), f-kai dueandagi, z-di liftu yakhdon va _dig. korkhonahop sapoati sabuku khurokvory amal mekunand. Sokinonp S. az gazoprovod!! Bukho- ro — Toshkent istifoda mekunand. S. doroy In-ti umumiittpfoqii tad- QPQOTI ilmii qarokulparvarn, Inti tadqpqotn ILMII parazitologiyap tibbi, In-tn arkheologiyai AF RSS Uzb., 6 maktabi oly: Un-ti davlatii Samarkand, in-thoi tibby, khojagii qishloq, kooperativy, memorpyu bi- pokory, pedagogi; 17 maktabi miyo- nai makhsus, 6 muzey (bo filnalho- yash): Muzei tarnkhp tasisi shakhr, Muzei tarikhi madaniyat va sapati Uzbekiston, Muzei yodgorip Ulugbek, Muzei S. Aynn, Muzei Afrosiyob va g.; 3 teatr, 9 klub, 1 khonai pionerok (1976), 26 muassisai tibby (1 yanv. 1975), sanatoriyan kasalip sili ba- chagona, beshtar az 64 maktabi ta- limi um um L va g. meboshad.
Ad.: Sukhanvaroni SaPqali rui zamin, Dm 1973; Gafurov B. G., Tochi kon. Ta-rikhi qldimtarin, qvdpm na asri miena, j. 1, D., 1983; Poluppiop S. N. Arkhitekturnie pamyatniki Samarkanda. Mm 1048; Pugache ikona G. A., Rem- pel L. I., Vidayushiesya pamyatniki arkhitekturi Uzbekistana, Tashkent, 1958; Za kh i d o v P. Ill, Samarkandskaya shkola zodchikh, Tashkent, 1967; P u g a ch e i k o i a G. A., Samarkand, Bukhara, M., 1968; Istoriya Samarkanda, tu. 1—2, Tashkent, 1969—70; Iz istorii iskusstva velikogo goroda (k 2500 letnyu Samarkanda), Tashkent, 1972. L. Jalilov.