ShUUBIYa

ShUUBIYa (az ar.— khalq, mardum, dar Quron ba manoi mardumi gayri arab, ajamiyon omadaast), jarayoni oppozisioni nisbat ba usuli hukmronii siyosiyu farhangii arabhoro guyand, ki okh. a. 8 dar bayni ajamiyon paydo shuda bud. Muvofiqi talimogi Quron islom barobariyu barodariro targib mekard, vale az davrai Umavviyon cap karda dar khilofat siyosati arabi ba miyon omad va hamai muvaffaqiyatu peshraviho dar sohahoi gunoguni hayoti ijtimoiyu farhangi ba arabho nisbat doda shuda, khalqhoi gayriarab mavridi tahqir qaror megiriftand. In tahqir ajamiyon, makhsusan khalqhoi eronnajodro, ki nisbat ba arabho madaniyati kuhanu mutaraqqitar doshtand, ba shur ovarda, boisi ba vujud omadani muqobilat ba arabho gardid. Shurishhoi ziddi khilofat, ba misli shurishi Abumuslim, ba amal omadand. Onho dar nihoyati kor, ba tashkil yoftani davlathoi mustaqil musoidat namudand. Dar dini islom niz muborizai shadidi oppozisioni ba vuqu payvast va boisi ba vujud omadani yakchand raviyayu jarayoni mazhabi gardid. Dar hayoti ijtimoi va farhangi muqobilati mazkur baraloina mushohida meshud. Shuubiyon avval barobarii khalqhoi arabu ajamro tarafdori namudand, vale minbad bartarii ajamiyonro bar arabho targib kardand.

Dar ahdi Umaviyon Sh. hanuz ba jarayoni makhsus judo nashuda bud. Dar ahdi Abbosiyon on hamchun jarayon tashakkul yoft va harakati Sh. avj girift. Khalqhoi eroninajod az vaziyati khubi khud dar khilofat istifoda burda, ba targibi afkoru aqidaashon kushidand va ba talifi risolaho va osori manzum ba zaboni forsi-dari-tojiki pardokhtand. Talimoti Sh. mohiyatan aqidai guruhi khurdi feodalon va shahriyoni dar tasarrufi arabho budaro ifoda mekard. Az okh. a. 7 to a. 11 shuubiyon mashguli tabligi afkoru aqoidi Sh. budand. Shoironi buzurgi on davr Harimi, Mutavakkili, Bashshor ibni Burd va dig. ba navishtani sherhoi forsi-tojiki pardokhtaand. Namoyandagoni jarayoni Sh.— Hamidi Bakhtakon, Sahl ibni Mishoni, Aloni Shuubi, Abuubayda va bisyor digaron ba talifi kitobhoi shuubi shuru namudand. Dar in soha «Munozirai arabu ajam» nom qasidai Asadii Tusiro makhsusan qayd kardan joiz ast, ki dar rudi talimoti Sh. navishta shudaast. Faoliyati ejodii Ibni Muqaffa, Firdavsi va dig. ba hamin davra rost meoyad. Az okh. a. 10 cap karda navishtani osori ilmi ham ba zaboni forsi-dari-tojiki ogoz yoft. Payravoni Sh. asarhoi khudro ham ba zaboni arabi va ham ba zaboni forsi-dari-tojiki talif namuda, goyai bartarii ilmu madaniyati ajamiyonro (nisbat ba ilmu madaniyati arabho) targib menamudand.

H. Naqqosh.