SOKhTMON

SOKhTMON, binokori, yak sohai istehsoloti moddiro guyand, ki baroi sohahoi gunogun bino (korkhonahoi istehsoli, khonahoi istiqomati, binohoi jamiyati), inshoot va gayra mesozad.

Davlati Soveti az ruzhoi avvali mavjudiyati khud ba Sokhtmon diqqati makhsus dod. Mohi mai 1918 baroi tartib dodani plan va baamalbarorii Sokhtmoni davlati dar hayati Soveti umumirossiyagii khojagii khalq (VSNKh) Komiteti inshooti davlati tasis yoft. Soli 1920 Seedi 8-umi umumirossiyagii Sovetho plani leninii GOELRO-ro tasdiq namud. Dekreti SKKh az 21 fevrali soli 1921 har sol tasdiq namudani plani yagonai Sokhtmonro peshbini kard.

Ilmi Sokhtmon (binokori) tajribahoi binokoriro tadqiqu jambast namuda, qonunhoi obektivii taraqqii Sokhtmonro muayyan mekunad. Vay majmui ilmhoi nazariyavi, loihakashi va tekhnologiyai tayyor namudani konstruksiyahoi binokori, problemahon tajhizoti injeneri va tekhnikai sanitarii shahrho, binoyu inshootho, tekhnologiyai istehsoloti binokori, problemahoi gidrotekhniki, naqliyoti, iqtisodiyoti binokori va gayraro dar bar megirad. Dar SSSR ziyoda az 100 instituti tadqiqoti ilmi hastand va dar onho qarib 15 hazor kas oid ba Sokhtmon tadqiqot mebarand.

Sokhtmon dar Tojikiston. To inqilob dar respublika Sokhtmon qarib vujud nadosht. Asosan solhoi avvali Hokimiyati Soveti sar shud. On vaqtho darajai tehnikii Sokhtmon past bud, korhoro beshtar dasti ijro mekardand. Injeneroni binokor khele kam budand. Avvali solhoi 30 dar respublika 7 muassisai binokorii pudrati-tresthoi «Tojikgosstroy», «Promstroy», «Vodokanalsvet» va idorahoi tamiru binokori tashkil shudand. Dar panjsolai 1- um (1928—32) hajmi mablagguzorii respublika ba 57,5 mln sum rasid, ki in nazar ba solhoi peshtara (1924—28) 3,8 barobar ziyod bud. 85 korkhona va sekhhoi sanoati, az on jumla Kombinati abreshimi Leninobod, kombinathoi konservi mevai Leninobodu Konibodom, Kombinati poligrafii Dushaibe, zavodhoi ravgankashi, khisht, pakhta, Fabrikai duzandagii Dushanbe va digarho ba kor daromadand. Dar panjsolahoi peshazjangi dahho korkhonahoi sanoati suzishvori, korkardi metall, pakhta, abresham, duzandagi, poyafzol, konserv va digar sohahoi sanoat sokhta ba istifoda doda shudand. Sokhtmoni roh vusat yoft. Istehsoli vositahoi istehsolot taraqqi kard. 3avodi rekhtagarii mekhannkii Konibodom, Kombinati shpati gudokhtashavandai Takob, Kombinati masolehi binokorii Vakhsh, GES-n Varzobi Poyon ba kor daromadand. Dar panjsolai 5-um 20 korkhonai navi sanoatii puriqtidor va az jihati tekhniki mukammal bino yoftand. Silsilai stansiyahoi elektrii obii Varzob (3 GES, okhirinash soli 1956, iqtidori umumiashon 25,4 hazor kVt), GES-i Qayroqqum (1957, dar daryoi Sir, iqtidorash 126 hazor kVt), stansiyahoi elektrii obii Sharshara (1960, iqtidoash 30 hazor kVt) va Sarband (1969, iqtidorash 210 hazor kVt), Stansiyai elektrii olavii Dushanbe (iqtidorash 216 hazor kVt) ba istifoda doda shudand. Sokhtmoni GES-i kalontarini Osiyoi Miyona — Norak (iqtidorash 2700 hazor kVt), Kombinati elektrokhimiyavii YOvon, Zavodi alyuminii Tojikisgon, va gayra sar shud.

Okhiri solhoi 1950 dar Tojikiston 7 muassisai binokorii pudrati bud. Soli 1958 shumorai onho ba 48 rasid. Soli 1979 dar respublika 265 muassisai pudrati 635 mln sumina korhoi binokoriyu montajro ijro kardand. Dar Tojikiston korhoi binokoriro asosan muassisahoi pudratin vazorathoi sokhtmon, meliorasiya va khojagii obi SSSR va Tojikiston, Vazorati energetika va elektrikonii SSSR, Vazorati korhoi sokhtmonu montajii SSSR, vazorathoi naqliyot va khojagii roh, khojagii qishloq, korhoi dokhili va aloqa ijro mekunand. Besh az 90% hajmi umumii korhoi sokhtmonu montajro pudratchiho ba jo meorand.

Dar natijan ziyod shudani shumorai korgaron, balandshavii tamini fond va tatbiqi usulhoi peshqadami idorakunii Sokhtmon iqtidori istehsolii muassisahoi binokorii respublika afzud. Soli 1979 dar Sokhtmoni respublika hazorho korgaronu mutakhassison kor mekardand, arzishi fondhoi asosi boshad, az 515 mln sum ziyodtar bud. Afzoishi tamini fond ba ziyodshavii shumorai moshinu mekhanizmhoi asosii binokori musoidat kard. Sokhtmoni respublika soli 1979-um 1000 ekskavator, 369 skreper, 1320 buldozer va digar moshinho dosht. Holo korhoi asosii Sokhtmon purra mekhanikonida shudaand. Navu khelhoi masolehi binokori ziyod va sifati onho muntazam behtar megardad.

Asosi industronii Sokhtmoni Tojikiston tatbiqi vasei konstruksiyahoi ohanubeton va masnuoti zavodi meboshad. Sokhtmon 1962 dar Tojikiston baroi Sokhtmoni sanoati va grajdani panelhoi ohanubetoni sabuk istehsol kardand. Khonasozii kalonpaneli bosurat taraqqi kard, ba joi paneli seqabata panelhoi yakqabata barovardand, ki in boisi kamshavii arzishu vazni binoho gardid.

Sokhtmon 1962 dar Dushanbe avvalin zavodi khonasozii kalonpaneli (iqtidorash sole 35 hazor m² khona bud) ba istifoda doda shud. Soli 1964 dar Qairoqqum zavodi duyumi khonasozii kalonpaneli ba kor daromad. Minbad chunin zavodho dar digar shahrhoi respublika niz sokhta shudand. Soli 1970 dar hajmi umumii korhoi sokhtmonu montaji respublika hissai panelhoi ohanubeton 20%, az jumla dar Sokhtmoni sanoatu naqliyot 40% va Sokhtmoni manzilgoh 22% bud.

Dar panjsolai duvozdahum mablagi sokhtmoni asosii Respublikai Soveti Sotsialistii Tojikiston ba 8 mlrd sum merasad, ki nazar ba panjsolai yozdahum 1,4 barobar ziyod ast. Solhoi 1986—90 Sokhtmoni yak qator korkhonahoyu obekthoi nav, az jumla kombinathoi gushti Kulob, konservi Uroteppa, ordkashii Tursunzoda va Kulob, zavodhoi noni Dushanbe va Leninobod, rohi ohani Qurgonteppa— Kulob, GES-i Sangtuda, TES-i duyumi Dushanbe va gayra peshbini shudaand. Dar in davra Sokhtmoni rohhoi avtomobilgardi Dushanbe — Leninobod (az bayni qatorkuhi Hisor) va Kulob —Qalaikhum davom doda meshavad. Gayr az on, dar panjsola agregathoi yakumi GES-hoi Rogun va Pomir ba kor medaroyand. Sokhtmoni zavoddhoi alyuminiyi Tursunzoda va elektrokhimiyavii YOvon, GES-n Boygozi ba anjom merasand; zavodhoi gidrometallurgii Isfara, «Tojikgidroagregat», transformatorbarorii Qurgonteppa rekonstruksiya karda meshavand.

Dar respublika taqriban 20 muassisahoi loihakashii Sokhtmon, az jumla «Tojikgiprostroy», «Tojikgiproprom», «TojikGINTIZ», «Tojikgiprovodkhoz», «Tojikgiproselstroy» mavjudand.   L. I. Mikhaylushkina.