SOKhTMONI ZILZILABARDOR

SOKhTMONI ZILZILABARDOR, sokhtmoni ziddiseysmiki, sokhtani bino va inshootro zimni ba hisob giriftani tasiri imkonpaziri quvvahoi seismoi (inersioni) guyand; dar nohiyahoi ba zilzila duchorgardida va yo dar tahdidi zilzilabuda ba amal barovarda meshavad. Talaboti ilovagie, ki onhoro obekti dar nohiyai seysmoi sokhtashavanda boyad qone gardonad, ba intensiviyati zilzilai imkonpaziri hamin vobasta buda, tavassuti me- yor va qoidahoi makhsus murattab me- shavand. Intensiviyati zilzilaro (dar mamlakathoi gunogun az rui shkalahoi gunoguni seysmoi muayyan mekunand. Dar Ittifoqi Soveti shkalai duvozdahballa (GOST 6249— 52) qabul shudaast, ki muvofiqi on zilzilai intensiviyatash besh az 6 ball baroi bino va inshoot khatarnok hisob meyobad. Dar nohiyahoe, ki inteyasiviyati zilzilai ehtimolan az 6 ball besh nest, baroi tamini zilzilabardorii bino va inshoot (gayr az inshooti makhsus) chorabinihoi ilovagi lozim nest.

Zilzilanokii nohiyaro az rui kharitahoi nohiyabandii zilzila muayyan mekunand. Dar nohiyahoi zilzilanokiashon az 9 ball ziyod sokhtani bino va inshooti injeneri tavsiya karda nameshavad. Bino bar on dar kharitahoi nohiyabandii zilzilai SSSR mintaqahoe qayd gardidand, ki dar onho ba amal omadani zilzilahoi 6-, 7-, 8- va 9-balla ehtimol dorad. Baroi aniq kardani zilzilanokii maydoni binokori dar nohiyahoi mahdud mikrosohilbandii zilzila guzaronida meshavad.

Az sababi on ki dar mavzee zilzilaho der-der ba amal omadanashon mumkin va muhlati istifodai bino va inshoot mahdud ast, hangomi zilzila purra benuqson mondani bino va ilshootro talab namudan az jihati iqtisodi ba maqsad saloh nest. Binobar on dar meyoru qoidahoi Sokhtmoni zilzilabardori SSSR shikastu rekhti qismhoi alohidai bino va inshoot ba nazar girifta meshavad, ki on baroi hayoti odamon va tajhizoti qimatbaho khavfe nadorad.

Darajai tasiroti quvvahoi seysmoi ba bino va inshoot ba tarkibi spektrii zilzila, sharoithoi injeneriyu geologii maydoni sokhtmon, inchunin ba khususiyathoi konstruktivii obekt vobastagi dorad. Az nazari seysmiki kharsangzor ba zilzila beshtar tob meorad. Dar zamini susti narm, nohiyahoi khokrezazor, obhoi zerizaminidor va dar mavzehoi kuhkorishuda sokhtani bino va inshoot nomuvofiq ast, zero baroi bartaraf namudani deformasiyaho chorahoi ilovagi (masalan, az jihati injeneri tayyor kardani asosi inshoot) zarurand.

Omilhoi zerin boisi zilzilabardorii inshoot megardand: intikhobi maydonchai binokorii az jihati seysmoi musoid, korkardi skhemahoi konstruktiviyu planii inshoot, istifodai chorahoi makhsusi konstruktivi (masalan, tasiri quvvahoi seysmoi ba inshoot bozdoshtani elementhoi inshoot az vayronshavi), istifodai masnuoti binokorii favqulmatin. Baroi ziyod namudani zilzilabardorii inshoot sifati korhoi sohtmoni niz ahamiyati kalon dorad.

Dar nohiyahoi seysmoi tasiri quvvahoi seysmikiro hisob namuda, skhemahoi konstruktivi va andozahoi burishi konstruktivii binoro muayyan mekunand. Aniq muayyan namudani iqtidor va samti quvvahoi seysmiki imkonnopazir ast, zero hangomi zilzila lagjidali asosi inshoot ba bisyor omilho vobasta meboshad. Du usuli taqribii baho dodani quvvahoi seysmiki — statiki va dinamiki mamuland. Dar usuli statiki inshootro hamchun jismi mutlaq sakht muoina mekunand, ki hamai nuqtahoyash yakkhela shitob dorand va ba shitobi asosi inshoot barobar meboshand, quvvahoi seysmikii ba inshoot tasirkunanda boshad, ba hisobi zarbi massai inshoot va shitobi asosi on barobar ast. Usuli dinamiki, ki az on dar SSSR, Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika va digar mamlakatho istifoda mebarand, sakhtii haqiqii elementhoi inshoot va konstruksnyai vasli onhoro ba nazar megirad. Hisobu kitobi taqribii zilzilabardorii inshootro ba nazar girifta, ba meyori GOST yak qator talabot va mahdudiyathoi konstruktivi dokhil karda shudaand (masalan, az rui bar va balandi mahdud kardavi andozai binohoi khishti, mahdud gardonidani burishhoi minimalii unsurhoi bino, talabot oid ba istifodabarii armatura va kamarhoi ohanubetoni). Baroi binohoi az betoni yaklukht sokhtashudae, ki doroi qafasai pulodi yo khud ohanubetoni meooshand, yagon had (masalan, ba balandii bino) guzoshta nameshavad. Meyorhoi GOST vobasta ba zilzilanokii maydonchai binokori va tainoti inshoot buzurgihoi tasiroti seysmoi va talaboti konstruktiviro muqarrar menamoyand. Baroi aksari inshoot zilzilanokii hisobukitobi ba zilzilanokii maydonchai binokori barobar ast, ammo baroi inshooti ahamiyati makhsusdoshta on az zilzilanokii maydonchai binokori dida yak ball ziyodtar va baroi inshoote, ki vayron shudani on ba hayoti odamon va tajhizoti qimatbaho oseb namerasonad, yak ball kamtar muqarrar karda meshavad.

Adabiyot:          Sovremennoe sostoyanie teorii seysmostoykosti i seysmostoykie soorujeniya, Moskva, 1973.S. V. Kojarinov.