SOKhTI GULOMDORI

SOKhTI GULOMDORI, avvalin formasiyai sinfii jamiyatiyu iqtisodi dar tarikhi insoniyatro guyand, ki ba istismori odam az tarafi odam asos yoftaast. Gulomdoronu gulomon sinfhoi asosii Sokhti gulomdori budand. Muborizai doimii bayni rulomdoronu gulomon quvvai inkishofdihandai tarikhi Jamiyati gulomdori bud, ki dar zaminai on iqtisodiyotu normahoi huquqi, hayoti maishi va digar sohahoi nadstroyka tashakkul yoftand. Sokhti gulomdori dar natijai tanazzuli jamoai ibtidoi ba vujud omad. Davlathoi gulomdorii qadima dar asri 4 va ibtidoi asri 3 to melod dar Baynannahrayn va Misr paydo shudaand. Sokhti gulomdori dar mamlakathoi taraqqikardai atiqai Osiyo, Evropa va Afrika to asri 3—5 vujud dosht. Dar Yunon va Rimi Qadim on ba darajai olii inkishofi khud rasida bud. Sokhti gulomdori dar zinahoi okhirini jamoai ibtidoi dar natijai paydo shudani molikiyati khususi ba vujud omadaast. Chorvodori, ki nisbat ba azmindori beshtar mahsuloti izofi medod, yake az omilhoi muhimi tashakkuli sinfho shud. Ziddiyati tezu tundi bayni sarvatmandoni qabilayu ommai benavo boisi paydoishi davlati gulomdori gardid.

Manbai asosii gulomon asironi harbi, odamoni ozodi qarzdorshuda va farzandoni gulomon budand. Dar Sharqi Qadim paydoishi gulomoni patriarkhali ibtidoi bavujudoii Sokhti gulomdori bud. Dar Hinduston va Khitoy davra nashunamoi Sokhti gulomdori ba asrhoi 5— to melod rost meoyad.
Dar Osiyoi Myayona Sokhti gulomdori dar natijai nobarobarihoi ijtimoii qabilahoi alohida dar asrhoi 7—6 to melod ba vujud omad. Qadimtarin davlati gulomdori davlati Bokhtariyon bud, ki territoriyai vase, az jumla Tojikistoni Shimoli va viloyati Surkhondaryoi Uzbekistoni imruzaro dar bar megirift. Taqriban dar hamin davra dar vodii Zarafshon va Qashqadaryo davlati gulomdorii Sugdiyon ba vujud omad. Dar davrai hukmronii Bokhtariyonu Sugdiyon aksari gulomonro asironi harbi tashkil medodand. Onho asosan dar korhoi khojagi istifoda meshudand. Asrhoi 6—4 to melod, ki Osiyoi Miyona dar hayati davlati Hakhomanishiyon bud, davrai inkishofu mustahkamshavii Sokhti gulomdori ba shumor meraft. Badi territoriyai Osiyoi Miyonaro zabt kardani Iskandari Maqduni va ba hayati impernyai buzurgi khud dokhil kardani on dar hayoti jamiyatii khalq va munosibathoi gulomdori digargunii kullie ba amal naomad. Aristokratiyai mahalli bo yorii istilogaron istismori jamoahoi patriarkhaliro duchand namuda, az quvvai korii gulomon vase istifoda meburdand. Badi vafoti Iskandari Maqduni va ba davlathoi alohida taqsim shudani imperiyai on munosibathoi gulomdori boz inkishof yoftand. Dar davrai mavjudiyati davlati Yunoniyu Bokhtari barobari inkishofi munosibathoi gulomdori dar peshrafti khojagi sahmi jamoahoi dehot kalon bud. Korkardi zamin, obyori, kishtu kor, bogdoriyu chorvodori va gayra asosan dar dehot mushohida meshud. Quvvai gulomon dar sokhtmoni obektu inshoot va shahrho vase istifoda meshudand.
Dar davrai hukmronii davlati Kushoniyon barobari inkishofi munosibathoi gulomdori vobastagii jamoahoi ozod afzud. Dar in davra aristokratiyai mahalli tamomi sohahoi khojagiro ba dast darovarda, istismori ommai mehnatkashro purzur namud. Munosibathoi gulomdori bovujudi dar hayoti ijtimoiyu iqtisodii Osiyoi Miyona mavqei muhimro ishgol kardanashon ukladi asosii istehsolot nabudand. Darajai inkishofi munosibathoi gulomdori dar nohiyahoi Osiyoi Miyona gunogun bud. Dar nohiyahoi az jihati iqtisodi taraqqikarda munosibathoi gulomdori inkishof yofta budand. Az in ru, munosibathoi gulomdorii sarzamini Sugd, Khorazm, Bokhtar az nohiyahoi kuhistoni Pomir, Badakhshon va Kuhiston farq mekardand. Umuman darajai inkishofi munosibathoi gulomdori dar Osiyoi Miyona nisbat ba Yunonu Rimi Qadim past bud. Asrhoi 5—8 davrai tanazzuli Sokhti gulomdori va tashakkuli munosibathoi feodali dar Osibi Miyona meboshad. Nigared niz feodalizm. S. Chononov.