SANAT

SANAT, yake az shaklhon shuuri jamiyati, qismi tarkibii madaniyati manavii insoniyat, yak nav darki amaliyu manavii olam. Sanat sohahoi gunoguni faoliyati insoni — musii, rassomi, teatr, adabiyoti badei va gayraro dar bar megirad, ki onho shaklhoi badeiyu obraznoki tasviri voqeiyat meboshand. Ba manoi vaseash Sanat— hama guna faoliyat va maqsuli dasti inson, ki bo zavqi baland, mohironavu mumtozona ijro shuda boshad. Dar jarayoni inkishofi tarikhii taqsimoti jamiyatii mehnat faoliyati mushtaraki odamon ba sohahoi gunoguni istehsoloti moddi va manavi judo shuda, shaklhoi mukhtalifi munosibati odamon padid omadand. Sanat hamchun vositai muhimi tarbiyai jamiyatii in- soniyat baroi inkishofi qobiliyati hissiyu aqlii fard, bahravarshavii vay az sarvathoi manavi, manfiatu idealhoi konkretii tarikhiyu jamiyati khizmat mekunad. Baroi ijroi in vazifa Sanat boyad bo hayoti voqei hamohang boshad va hayotro bo tamomi murakkabiash inikos namoyad.

Ba hamin tariq, Sanat tajribai hayotii shakhsiyatro gani gardonda, imkon medihad, ki u dar «olamho»-i ofaridai navisandagonu ohangsozon va musavviron bisyor «hayotho»-i takhayyuliro az sar guzaronad. Sanat boyad faoliyati hayotii odamro aynan nuskha nabardoshta, onro dar shakli khos tasvir namoyad. Dar in zamina Sanat hamchun shakli shuuri jamiyati, vasilai marifati haqiqat amal karda, dar ayni zamon vositai makh- susi bahodihi ba on meboshad. Asarhoi Sanat dar asosi dark va inikosi olam ofarida meshavand, vale shuur, ba ifodai Vladimir Ilich Lenin» «… na faqat olami obektiviro inikos mekunad, balki onro meofarad». Ba tufayli hamin, Sanat vositai munosibati odamon va marifati onho, vasilai gani shudani donishi onho dar borai olam, vositai tarbiyai odamon va manbai zavqi balandi estetiki meboshad. Harchand hamai in khususiyathoi Sanat dar hambastagi zohir gashta, jihathoi gunoguni tasiri badeii Sanatro ba inson ifoda kunand ham, tanosubi onho gunogun buda, bazan yake az in khususiyatho dar maddi avval qaror megirad va ahamiyati yakumdaraja paydo mekunad.
Faoliyati adabiyu ejodii odamon dar shaklhoi gunogun zohir megardand, ki onho namud, shakl va janrhoi Sanat nomida meshavand. Se guruhi shaklhoi Sanat ba tavri obektivi _vujud dorand: 1) fazoi yo plastiki — shakli sanate, ki obrazhoyash dar fazoi muayyan surat megirad (naqqoshi, haykaltaroshi, grafika, akko- sii badei, memori, oroishivu amali va dizayn); 2) zamoni — shakli sanate, ki obrazhoi on na dar fazoi reali, balki dar zamon ofarida meshavand (shifohi va musiqi); 3) fazoiyu zamoni — shakli sanate, ki obrazhoi on ham dar fazo va ham dar zamon ofarida meshavand (raqs; Sanatii aktyori va hama namudi Sanati sintezi, ki ba hamin hunar asos yoftaand — teatr, kino, televizion, estradayu sirk va gayra). Dar ayni hol dar har yake az in guruhhoi Sanat, dar fa- oliyati ejodiyu badei az omilhoi mushtarak istifoda mebarand. Masalan, sintezi Sanati memori yo oroishivu amali bo Sanati tasviri, Sanati aktyori bo raqs, pantomima va gayra shaklhoi alohidai Sanat tavassuti obrazhoi asari ofaridashuda va majmui nishonahoi on obrazho muayyan karda meshavand. Masalan, ejodiyoti dahonaki va adabiyoti khatti namudhoi Sanati shifohi; musiqii vokali (ovozi) va navhoi gunoguni musiqii instrumentali (sozi) — Santi musiqi; teatri drama, musiqi, teatri lukhtak, estradayu sirk — Sanati sahnavi; raqsi mahalli, klassiki, varzishi, raqs dar rui yakh va gayra namudhoi gunoguni Sanati raqs meboshand. Namudhoi Sanati shaklu janrhoi gunogun dorand. Meyori in taqsimotro ilmhoi makhsusi oid ba Sanat az rui shakl va janrhoi gunoguni on muayyan mekunand. Ba hamin tariq, Sanat sistemai tomi tarikhan tashkilyoftai vositahoi gunoguni konkretii darki badeii olam meboshad, ki har yake doroi ham khususiyathoi umumi va ham khosiyati fardist. Sanat dar asri sang ba vujud omadaast. Ogozi faoliyati badeii odamoni jamyati ibtidoi, ki az ofaridani asotar, surud, raqs, kashidani naqshi hayvonoti vahshi dar devorhoi gor, oroishi oloti mehnat, asliha, libos, andom va gayra iborat bud, ahamiyati buzurg dosht, zero on ba muttahidshavi dar kollektiv, inkishofi manavii onho, fahmishi sirishti ijtimoiashon, az hayvon farq doshtanashon va umumai baroi haqiqatan odam shudani odam musoidat namud. Dar jamiyati ibtidoi Sanat shakli alohidai faoliyati odamon nabuda, chun hamai istehsoloti manavi «bo istehsoloti moddi omekhta bud» (Karl Marks va Fridrikh Engels, Sochinenie, tom 3 stranisa 24), chunki sohahoi gunoguni madaniyati manavi az ham judo nashuda budand. Harchand Sanat dar tasiri din bud, tadrijan sohai alohidai faoliyati inson gardid va minbad bo vujudi ba sari khud mustaqil budan hodisai jamiyati ba shumor meraft (ham mazmunan va ham az rui qonunhoi inkishofi khud).
Sanat hamesha dar in yo on sistemai madaniyati badei jarayon meyobad. Sanat tasiri majmui hodisahoi gunoguni olami berunaro (az evolyutsiyai istehsoloti moddi va sokhti iqtisodii jamiyat to evolyutsiyai shuuri jamiyati) inikos mekunad. Dar ayni zamon inkishofi badeii insoniyat faoliyati nisbatan mustaqil buda, ba sharoiti ijtimoii har yak davra mutobiqan pesh meravad. Bayni ham muboriza burdan va joi yakdigarro ivaz kardani metodhoi ejodi, ki har yake ifodai jihathoi gunoguni Sanat astu jarayoni umumii tarikhiyu badeiro ba khud tobe kardani meshavad, natijai chunin ba ham tasirrasonist. Hamin tariq, namoyandagoni metodhoi realisti baroi tasviri realiyat mekushidandu digar raviyaho, masalan klassitsizm, tasviri olami idealmro targib mekardand. Bo vujudi dar metodhoi gunoguni ejodi ifoda gardidani jihathoi asosii tarkibi badei on, pesh az hama, mundarijai ejodiyotro muayyan mena- moyad, realiyati hayotro az rui didi .sanatkor tasvir mekunad va roh- hoi jo dodani in mundarijaro ba shaklhoi makhsus (khususiyathoi us- lubi) tain mekunad. Sanat bo yorii vositahoi khud talaboti hayoti jamiyat va inkishofi onro ifoda namuda, hamesha diqqati hama guna quvvahoi ijtimoi — davlat, sinf, partiya, muassisahoi dini va gayraro, ki baroi ziyod kardani tasiri khud ba olimon manfiatdorand, jalb mekunad. Dar natija, Sanat ba arsai mubo- rizai sinfi kashida shuda, ifodakunandai manfiathoi ommai khalq yo sinfi istismorkunanda, progressi ijtimoi yo irtijo megardad; bazan asarhoi Sanat musodama va ziddiyathoi amiqi inkishofi jamiyatro ham dar khud tajassum menamoyand (Engels in masalaro dar misoli ejodiyoti I. V. Gyote va 0. Balzak, Vladimir Ilich Lenin dar misoli ejodiyoti Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy nishon dodaand). Sanat prosessi inkishofi tarikhii insoniyatro inikos namuda, ba jam- iyat rohu perspektivahoi ba ozodi va ba hayoti ijtimoii munosib ra- sidanro nishon medihad. Har formasiyai jamiyatiyu iqtisodi ba in- kishofi Sanat har khel sharoit faroham meovarad. Masalan, muvofiqi tafsirm Karl Marks, «… istehsoloti kapitalisti ba sohahoi mamuli istehsoloti manavi, ba misli sanat va nazm munosibati dushmani dorad (hamon jo, jildi 26, qismi 7, sahifai 280). Dar sharoiti jamiyati burjuazii mutaraqqi Sanat ba darajai mol rasonida shuda, haddi ejodiyot ba qonunhoi munosibathoi bozori tobe karda meshavad; madaniyati bade ba Sanati khossa (yane on asarhoi Sanat, ki baroi guruhi bolonishini jamiyat ejod meshavand) va ommavi judo meshavad va in jamiyat ba har dui on tasiri halokatovar merasonad. Ideologiyai imperializm va psikhologiyai individualizm tabiati Spnatro ham mazmunan va ham shaklan tahrif mekunad. Tanho muboriza ba muqobili munosibathoi pusidai ijtimoii olami burjuazi Sanatro az tasiri manfii kapitalizm emin doshta metavonad. Binobar hamin, realizmi tanqidi shohrohi asosii inkishofi Sanat dar asrhoi 19 va 20 bud. Vladimir Ilich Lenin rohhoi inkishofi Sanati pro- letariro dar jamiyati burjuazi tahqiq namuda, soli 1905 prinsipi partiyaviyati kommunistiro asosnok namud. In prinsip robitai ozodi manavii ejodkorro bo muborizai revolyutsionii sinfi korgar ifoda mekard va mahz dar hamin asos sanatkor metavonist az fishori iqtisodi, ideologi va psikhologii jamiyati burjuazi ozod boshad.
Dar jamiyati sotsialisti maqom, khususiyat va taqdiri Sanatro sharoithoi navi ijtimoii inkishofi badei va talaboti manavii khalqe, ki bo rohi sokhtmoni kommunisti ravona ast, muayyan mekunad. Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr sanatkorro az istismori munosibathoi moliyu puli ozod kard va ba u imkoniyati haqiqii ejodkorii ozodonaro faroham ovard, ki in ba manfiati khalq buda, maqsadash muttahid namudani ehsosot, afkor, irodai omma va tarbiyai manaviyu es- tetikii on meboshad. Vladimir Ilich Lenin peshbini karda bud, ki dar in zamina «sanati buzurgi kommunisti» ba vujud meoyad va on baroi khud shakli navi ba mazmuni nav mutobiqro paydo mekunad (nigared, Lenin Vladimir Ilich, 0 lnterature iskustve, 1969, stranisa 666). Metodi realizmi sotsialisti, ki dar tuli inkishofi Sanati proletari va bad Sanati sotsialisti dar Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR va digar mamlakathoi jahon ba vujud omadaast, asosi tatbiqi amalii programmai leninii sokhtmoni madaniyati jamiyati kommunistist. Nigared, niz Adabiyot, Musiqi, Teatr, Memori va gayra.
Adabiyot: Marks Karl i Engels Fridrikh, 0b iskusstve. Sbornik tom 1—2. Moskva, 1967; Lenin Vladimir Ilich O literature i iskusstve, Moskva„ 1969.