SANATI RASSOMI

SANATI RASSOMI, suratgari, yak navi sanati tasvirist, ki hamchun asari badei tavassuti rangho dar rui yagon chiz ofarida meshavad. Sanati rassomi vositai muhimi inikos va tafsiri badeii voqeiyat buda, ba afkoru ehsosi binanda tasir merasonad, doroi mundarijai khosi ijtimoi va vazifahoi gunoguni ideologi meboshad. Dar asari Sanati rassomi rassom baroi ifodai goyai muayyani mavzuyu syujet intikhob mekunad, kompozitsiya meofarad, az rui masdar (natura) etyud va eskizho ejod menamoyad. Dar Sanati rassomi usuli monokhromi ( istifodai yak rang bo tobishhoyash) va silsilai ranghoi ustuvoru noustuvor istifoda meshavad, ki bo yorii on tafovuti rushnoiyu tiragii predmetho, mavqei fazoii onhoro dark kardan mumkin ast. Dar Sanati rassomi ifodai ustokoronai shakl, hajm, fazo, rang, tobishhoi rushnoiyu tiragi, istifodai rakhho va gayra ahamiyati kalon dorad. Sanati rassomi az rui tainot va vazifaash yakchand khel meshavad: monumentalii o r o i sh i (rasmhoi ruidevori, panno, freska, nigared, Sanati monumentali), dastgohi (musavvaraho), oroishi (oroisht sahnai teatr, kino, nigared, Sanati oroishi sahna), m i n yo t u r (musavvarai kitobu dastkhatho, portret va gayra nigared, Minyotur), diorama, panorama va gayra.

Vobasta ba mazmuni predmeti tasvirshavanda va padidayu hodisahoi hayot asarhoi Sanati rassomi janrhoi zerin dorad: t a r i kh i (tasviri voqea va shakhshoi tarikhi), maishi (tasviri voqeahoi hayoti ruzmarra va zinda-gii odamon), r a z m i (tasviri lavhahoi harbi, jang va gayra), portret (simoi yak yo yakchand shakhsi malum), animalistika (tasviri olami hayvonot), manzara (tasviri manzarahoi tabiat, shahr va dehot), na-tyurmort (tasviri ashyoi bejon), inchunin janrhoi asotiriyu dini (tasviri yagon goya va obraz dar asosi syujethoi asotiriyu dini). Tekh-nikai Sanati rassomi usulu vositahoi ofaridani asari rassomi, istifodai materialho, tayyor kardani rang, ba kor burdani on va gayraro dar bar megirad. Sanati rassomi vobasta ba tekhnikai ofarinish ba namudhoi zerin taqsim meshavad: rassomi tavassuti ranghoi ravgani (rangro bo ravgani rastaniyu lokho omekhta, tasvirro rui mato, chub, takhtai filizi, karton va gayra meofarand), r a n g h o i obi rangro dar ob mahlul namuda, tasvirro rui andovai tar (freska) va khushk (a sekko) meofarand, tempera (moddahoi rangiro bo mahlulhoi tabii va suni, safediyu zardii tukhmu ravgap, shirai gandum, jav va digar rastaniho omekhta, dar musavvarahoi dastgohi, asarhoi oroishi-amali ba kor mebarand), rassomi tavassuti ranghoi sh i r e sh i (rangro bo shireshi az nabototu hayvonot hosilshuda yo shireshi suni omekhta, baroi ofaridani panno, rasmhoi ruidevori, oroishi sahna istifoda mebarand), enkaustika (moddahoi rangiro bo mum omekhta, tasvirro asosan dar rui chub, sang, bazan mato meofarand), emal (rui fuluzotro bo jismi sakhti shishaoso pushida, sipas rasm mekashand, ba usuli rassomii kuloli qarobat dorad), guash (asosan baroi ofaridani plakat, musavvarahoi dastgohi, minyotur, asarhoi oroishi istifoda meshavad), pastel (asosan dar Sanati rassomi va grafika istifoda meshavad), rassomi tavassuti r a n g h o i s i l i k a t i (az omekhtai rangi shireshiyu shishai obshavanda, asosan baroi oroishi binoho va devorho ba kor meravad), rassomii safoli (az ranghoi ba harorat tobovar va oksidi filizot, baroi oroishi masnuoti safoli, zarfiyot istifoda meshavand). Mozayka (kho-tamkori) va vitraj niz chun usuli khosi ofaridani tasvir dar Sanati rassomi mavqei muhim dorad. Asarhoi Sanati rassomi dar rui mato, karton, kogaz, chub, sang, shisha, filizot, gaj va gayra ofarida meshavand. Sanati rassomi tarikhi tuloni doshta, namunahoi ibtidoii on ba davrai paleolit mansuband. Dar in davra khokhoi surkh, zard, safed, jigari, lakhchai chub ba sifati rang istifoda shuda, tavassuti angushton yo porchahoi muina lahzahoi shikor, hayvo-noti judogona va gayraro tasvir mekardand. Dar Sanati rassomii Misri Qadim ofaridani asarhoi monumentali, rasmhoi ruidevori, rangubori haykal, sarkofag va matoho mamul gasht. Dar davrai atiqa Sanati rassomi dar aloqamandi bo memoriyu haykaltaroshi inkishof yofta, khususan freskanigori rivoj yoft. Dar asrhoi miyona imkoniyathoi istifodai ranghoi minerali va organiki afzuda, dar Evropai Garbi, Vizantiya, Davlati Rus, Kavkaz oroishi ibodatkhonaho, tazyinoti dastkhathoi dini, va kitobho, ki ba ideologiyai dini asos yofta budand, vase pahn shud. Dar mamlakathoi Osiyoi Pesh va Miyona, Hinduston; Khitoy, Yaponiya sanati minyoturnigori inkishof yoft. Dar davrai Ehyo Sanati rassomi ba avji inkishofi khud rasida, buzurgtarin saromadoni on Mazachcho, Bottichelli, Leonardo da Vinchi, Mikelanjelo, Rafael, Jorjone, Tisiam, Ya. van Eyk, P. Breygel. A. Dyurer va digar dar asarhoi khud buzurgiyu zakovat, qudratu zeboii inson va goyahoi insondustiro tarannum namudaand. Az asri 17 sar karda janrhoi Sanati rassomi shakl girift, uslubhoi gunogun (gotika, barokko, rokoko, klassisizm, naturalizm, romantizm, realizm va gayra) va maktabhoi millii rassomi ba maydon omadaand. Dar okhiri asri 19 va avvali asri 20 ba tufayli inqirozi tamadduni burjuazi dar Sanati rassomi raviyahoi formalistiyu modernisti (nigared, Modernizm va Shaklparasti) padid omadand, ki baraksi realizm goyahoi va tamoyuloti sanatro inkor karda, hayotro yaktarafa nishon medodand. Sanati rassomii sermillati soveti ba prin-siphoi partiyaviyat va khalqiyati sanat takya namuda, az behtarin ananavu bozyofthoi Sanati rassomii rus va jahoni bahravar megardad. Dar Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR dar zamimai metodi realizmi sotsialisti maktabhoi navi milli va raviyayu uslubhoi navi ejodi paydo shuda, Sanati rassomii respublikahoi ittifoqi ba poyai boz ham balandtar merasand.
Sanati rassomii t o j i k tarikhi khelo qadim doshta, namunahoi ibtidoii on (tasviri shikori khirson, khukhoi yoboi va gayra) dar Pomiri Sharqi vomekhurand (magorai Shakhta, davrai mezolit, hazorahoi 15—10 to milod, Kurtakka, asri birinji va davrai neolit hazorahoi 6—3 to milod). Dar janubi Tojikiston osori madaniyati davrai neoliti Hisor (Shahristoni Tutqavul, Soi Sayyod, Kuhi Buliyon) yoft shudaast, ki ba hazorahoi 6—5 to milod mansub buda, namunahoi nisbatan sodda va asosan ba yak rang ifoda shudani Sanati rassomiro dar bar megirand. Sanati rassomi (alalkhusus tasvirhoi ruidevori) dar ahdi Bokhtariho va Kushoniyon dar zimni sanati memori inkishof yofta (bozyofthoi Saksanokhur, Shahrinav, YOvon, Kayqubodshoh, Kuhnaqala, Khalchayon, Tuproqqala), tasviri lavhahoi hayoti, maishi, dini va asotiri dar qasru mabadho va binohoi iqomati mamul gardid. Dar asrhoi 5—8 Sanati rassomii monumentali inkishof yofta, tavassuti ranghoi shireshi rui andovai loi va gaji ofaridani tasvir anana shud. Tasvirhoi ruidevori nazar ba mujassomasozi mamultar gardida, ananai mahalli, yane osiyoimiyonagii Sanati rassomi osori Panjakent, Varakhsha, Afrosiyob, Istravshan, Shahriston) tashakkul yoft. Syujeti tasvirhoi ruidevori beshtar sahnahoi bazm, razm, maishat, marosimi qabul, lahzahoi shikor, tasviri lavhahoi asotiriyu qahramoni (Rustam, Siyovush) va simohoi muqaddasu khudoyon (Nana-Anahito, Shiva) va gayraro dar bar girifta, nafosati khos va rangubori dilchasp dorand. Badi istiloi arab va pahnshavii dini islom Sanati rassomi dar Osiyoi Miyona tanazzul yoft. Bo vujudi in dar davrahoi minbada sanati minyoturnigori inkishof yofta, dar asosi syujeti asarhoi manzum ofaridani minyotur mamul shud. Doirai mavzuoti minyotur sahnahoi jangi tan ba tan, lahzahoi shikor, muloqoti oshiqon, marosimhoi qabul, bazmu bozi, manzara, portret va gayraro dar bar girifta, usulu vositahoi ifoda va mushohidahoi hayoti dar on afzud. Ofaridani minyotur kori zahmattalab buda, avval dar rui kogaz tarhi tasvirro bo ob mekashidand. Sipas izi obro bo khati surkh yo sieh ayontar namuda, ba varaq omekhtai ohar va safedii tukhm memolidand. Badi khushkidan varaqro bo bulur yo’ aqiqi sukhta sayqal doda, ranghoi asilro kor mefarmudand. Dar tarikhi minyotur-nigorii khalqhoi tojiku fors Kamoluddii Behzod, Abdullohi Musav-vir, Muhammadmurodi Samarqandi, Mahmudi Muzahhib, Sodijbeki Afshor, Rizo Abbosi maqomi makhsus dorand.
Sanati rassomii tojik alashkhusus dar solhoi Hokimiyati Soveti rivoj yoft. Okhiri solhoi 20 va ibtidoi solhoi 30 ba To-jikiston yak guruh rassomoni rus, az jumla, E. G. Bursev, M. G. Novik, G. I. Falbov omada, dar inkishofi Sanati rassomii tojik hissai kalon guzoshtand. Dertar dar ejodiyoti rassomoni tojik. A. Ashurov, M. Khushmuhammadon, A. N. Kamelin va digar Sanati rassomii dastgohi inkishof yoft. Dar tashakkuli shaklu janrhoi gunoguni Sanati rassomii tojik I. A. Abdurahmonov, V. M. Boborikin, I. L. Lisikov, A. Rahimov, X. Khushvaqtov, 3. Habibulloev, rassomoni javon S. Qurbonov, R. Azimov, S. Sharipov va digar hissan kalon meguzorand.
Adabiyot: N e d o sh i v i n G. L., Besedi o jivopisi, 2 izdanie, Moskva, 1964; kh a m o n m uallif, Teoreticheskie problemi sovremen-nogo izobrazitelnogo iskusstva, Moskva, 1972; Ka n t o r A. M., Izobrazitelnoe iskusstvo XX veka, Moskva, 1973; Iskusstvo Tadjikskoy Sovetskoy Sosialisticheskoy Respubliki (Albom, avtor vstup. st. Leningrad. Ayni, 1972); S t a v i s k i y B. Ya.,’ Iskusstvo Sredney Azii. Drenniy period. VI v. do nashey eri VIII veka. nashey eri„ Moskva, 1974; Ashrafi M. M„ Persidsko-tad-jikskaya poeziya v miniatyure XVI—XVII vekov„ Dushanbe„ 1974; Ocherki o khudojnikakh Tadjikistana, Dushanbe„ 1975.