SANOATI ChARMU POYAFZOL

SANOATI ChARMU POYAFZOL, yak sohai sanoati sabukro guyand, ki az pusti hayvonot charmi muloimu sakht va az charmi tabiiyu suni poyafzol, libos, masnuoti sarrojiyu charchinvori, qismhoi moshini bofandagi va gayra tayyor mekunad.
Nimai duyumi asri 19 dar Sanoati charmu poyafzoli mamlakathoi mutaraqqi usulhoi industrnalii istehsolot jori shud. Solhoi 1980—1990 asri 19 dar Sanoati charmu poyafzol usuli bosurati bo namaki khrom oshdihii pust jori gardid, ki on usulhoi oddii bo moddahoi dabbogii rastanigi oshdihiro az miyon bardosht. Dar istehsoloti poyafzol prosessi mekhanikoni solhoi 1950 asri 19 ogoz yoft, baroi tayyor kardani rucharmi poyafzol moshinhoi duzandagiro istifoda burdand. To okhiri asri 19 digar moshinhoi makhsusi poyafzolduziro niz ikhtiro kardand.

Dar Rossiyai torevolyutsioni Sanoati charmu poyafzol sohai qafomonda bud. Charmgari dar korkhonahoi nimkosibii kamiqtidori doroi tekhnikai sodda ba amal barovarda meshud. Prosessi tekhnologii pustoshdihi to 180 shaboruz (hozir 20—30 shaboruz) davom mekard. Poyafzolro asosan dar artelho, dukonhon kosibi tayyor mekardand.
Soli 1913-um 68 million juft poyafzoli charmin barovardand. 80% korhoi istehsolii fabrikahoi poyafzol dasti ijro meshud. Moshinsozii charmu poyafzol vujud nadosht. Baroi zavodho va fabrikahoi poyafzol tajhizotu asbobho, inchunin mahsuloti charmi khromii tayyor va moddahoi dabbogiro az khorija meovardand. Avvalin zavodhoi kaloni charmi Rossiya soli 1739 dar shahri Ostashkov (holo viloyati Kalinin) va soli 1847 dar Peterburg (hozira zavodi ba nomi A. N. Radishev) sokhta shudand.
Dar Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR Sanoati charmu poyafzol ba sohai kaloni mekhanikonida tabdil yoft. Korkhonahoi kuhna az nav tajhizonida va vase karda shudand. Dar Moskva, Els, Kuznesk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Frunze, Semipalatinsk va gayra zavodhoi navi charm, dar Sverdlovsk, Tbilisi, Novosibirsk, Kiev va gayra fabrikahoi poyafzol bino yoftand. Moshinsozii charmu poyafzol, istehsoli moddahoi dabbogy, masolehi charmi khromi, inchunin charmi suni ba vujud omad.
Badi Jangi Buzurgi Vatani (1941 —45) barobari barqarorkuni va az nav tajhizonii korkhonahoi kuhna dar Voroshilovgrad, Grodno fabrikahoi poyafzol, dar Jambul, Ulyanovsk kombinathoi charmu poyafzol, dar Lvov, Kharkov, Boku, Toshkent, Samarqand, Dushanbe va gayra zavodhoi charm sokhta shudand. Sanoat bo tekhnikai hozirazamon tajhizonida shud, tekhnologiyai on takmil yoft, tashkili istekhsolot behtar gardid.
Dar Sanoati charmu poyafzoli Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR istifodai charmi suni toraft meafzoyad. Holo 42%-i poyafzoli charminro az charmi suni tayyor mekunand.
To rseolyutsiya Sanoati charmu poyafzol beshtar dar nohiyahoi shimoli garbi, garbi va markazii Rossiya joygir bud. Solhoi Hokimiyati Soveti dar joygironii Sanoati charmu poyafzol tagyiroti kulli ba amal omad. Dar hamai respublikahoi ittifoqi Sanoati charmu poyafzol taraqqi mekunad. Soli 1980 Sanoati charmu poyafzoli Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR 744 million juft poyafzoli charmin barovard.
Soli 1928 Instituti markazii tadqiqitii ilmii Sanoati charmu poyafzol (SNIIKP), soli 1930 Instituti tadqiqoti ilmii Sanoati charmu poyafzoli Ukraina (Ukr. NIIKP) tasis yoft. Dar Moskva, Kiev maktabhoi oli va dar nohiyahoi gunoguni mamlakat omuzishgohho kushoda shudand. Soli 1939 Instituti tadqiqoti ilmii tavizi charm (hozira Instituti umumiittifoqii tadqiqoti ilmii masolehi plyonkagi va charmi suni), soli 1956 Khonai markazii qolibi poyafzol- markazi talimii mamlakat oid ba qolibsozi (Moskva) ba vujud omad.
Sanoati charmu poyafzoli Tojikiston dar solhoi sokhtmoni sotsialisti tashakkul yoft. Sezdi 2-yumi Partiyai Kommunistii(bolshevikon) Tojikiston (1934) dar shahri Dushanbe sokhtmoni fabrikai poyafzolro (iqtidori istehsoliash 400 hazor juft) peshbini namud. Soli 1940 dar shahri Leninobod fabrikai duyumi respublikavii poyafzol) ba kor daromad. Sanoati charmu poyafzoli respublika bosurat taraqqi kard. Agar soli 1940 0,5 million juft poyafzol istehsol shuda boshad, soli 1965 ba 3,6 million juft rasid, yane nisbat ba soli 1940 ziyoda az 7 barobar afzud. Sanoati charmu poyafzoli respublika soli 1970 6,1 million juft va soli 1975 6,9 million juft poyafzoli charmin barovard, ki nazar ba 1940 qarib 14 barobar ziyod ast. Istehsoli poyafzol solhoi panjsolai 10-um (1976—80) boz ham afzud. Agar soli 1976-um 7,1 million juft poyafzoli charmii istehsol shuda boshad, soli 1978 ba 7,7 million juft va 1980 ba 7,8 million juft rasid.
Talabot ba poyafzolhoi balandsifat sol to sol meafzoyad. Dar Sanoati charmu poyafzoli respublika oid ba tamini istehsoli poyafaolhoe, ki ba talaboti imruza purra chavob doda tavonand, yak qator tadbirho andeshida shudand. Soli 1972 Ittihodiyai isteh- solii charmu poyafzoli Dushanbe tasis yoft, ba on fabrikahoi poyafzoli № 1 va № 3, inchunin zavodi charm tobeand. Soli 1979-um 14 nomguyi mahsuloti Ittihodiyai istehsolii charmu poyafzoli Dushanbe Nishoni davlatii sifat girift. Ittihodiya soli 1979 besh az 4,6 million juft poyafzol barovard.
Fabrikai poyafzoli Leninobod yake az korkhonahoi peshqadami sanoati sabuk meboshad. Holo (1979) ba 17 namudi mahsuloti fabrika Nishoni davlatii sifat va ba 16 namunai poyafzoli on indeksi «N» doda shudaast.
Bazai moddiyu tekhnikii Sanoati charmu poyafzoli respublika dar solhoi okhir khele vase va mustahkam gardid. Darajai mehanikonii istehsolot soli 1979 dar Ittihodiyai istehsolii charmu poyafzoli Dushanbe 59,2% va dar Fabrikai poyafzoli Leninobod 53%-ro tashkil dod. Dar du korkhonai soha (1979) 17 khatti muttasili poyafzolduzi va 15 khatti muttasili masolehi buridan tayyor baroranda kor mekunad.
Adabiyot: Zibin Yu. Pm Tekhnologiya obuvi Moskva, 1953—1955; Murvanidze D. S., Osnovnie napravleniya razvitiya obuvnoy promishlennosti, Moskva 1968; Narodnoe khozyaystvo Tadjikskoy Sovetskoy Sosialisticheskoy Respubliki v 1980 godu, Dushanbe 1982.
S. D, Komilov.