RUSHO

RUSHO, millate dar SSSR. Shumoraashon dar mamlakat ziyoda az 133 197 hazor nafar (1979). Dar RSFSR 82,6 foiz, dar digar respublikahoi ittifoqi — az 2,3 foiz (RSS Armaniston) to 40,8 foizi (Qazoqiston) aholiro tashkil medihand. Dar RSS Tojikiston 395 hazor nafar (1979). Dar khorija Rusho aso­san dar IMA, Kanada va mamlakathoi Evropa, zindagi mekunand. Ba zaboni rusi gap mezanand. Dindoron payravi mazhabi pravoslavii masehiyatand.

Rusho ham monandi ukraniho va be­lorusho (asrhoi 9—13) dar rafti tanazzuli munosibathoi qabilaviyu avlodi va dar atrofi Kiev tashkilyobii davlati Rusi Qadim az khalqiyati qadimi rus ba vujud omadaand. Muvofiqi aqidai bisyor muhaqqiqon istilohi Rusho az nomi yake az qabilahoi slavyani — rodiyho, rosho va yo rusho ba vujud omadaast. Dar asri 19— avvali asri 20 barobari nomi qadimii Rusho istilohi velikorusho va 6 volikorosho istifoda meshudand.

Khalqiyati rus yo velikorus dar rafti muborizai purshiddati ziddi zulmi mugulho va dar atrofi Mosk­va tashkil yoftani davlati mutamarkazi Rus (asrhoi 14—15) tashakkul yoft. Ba on nohiyahoi qadimii shimol va shimolu sharqii Rus dokhil shudand. Asrhoi 16—19 hududi Ros­siya khele vase gardid. Dar in davra Rusho dar Povoljiyai Poyon, Ural, Kavkazi Shimoli, Sibir, Nazdibaltika, sohilhoi bahri Siyoh, Zakavkaziya, Osiyoi Miyona, Qazoqiston, Shar­ki Dur maskun shudand. Rusho bo aho­lii in joyho aloqai mustahkam paydo karda, ba onho tasiri iqtisodi va madani rasonidand va khud niz komyobihoi madani va tajribai khojagidorii onhoro qabul namudand. Rusho nimai duyumi asri 19 badi ba ka­pitalizm guzashtani Rossiya hamchun millati burjuazi tashakkul yoftand. Tabaqahoi peshqadami khalqi rus muborizai millii ozodikhohii khalqhoi Rossiyaro bar ziddi mutlakiyati podshohi sarvari menamudand. Sinfi korgari rus dar muborizai ziddi sokhti kapitalisti sarvari proletariati Rossiya gardid.

Ilmu madaniyati Rusho taraqqi kard. Rossiya vatani talimoti peshqadamtarini asri 20—leninizm gardid. Soli 1917 proletariati rus tahti rohbarii Partiyai kommunisti bo yorii dehqononi kambagal va korgaroni digar millatho Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialisti Oktyabr— dar jahon avvalin revolyustiyai sotsialistiro ba amal barovarda, kapitalizmro sarnagun sokht va dar tamomi davrahoi sokhtmoni sotsia­listi ba digar khalqhoi SSSR dar digargunsozihoi revolyutsioni baroi bartaraf namudani qafomonii iqtisodi va madanii onho yorii barodarona karda, dar kori bunyod na­mudani jamiyati navi sotsialisti roli buzurg bozid.

Khalqi rus dar torumor namudani Germaniyai fashisti dar Jangi du­yumi jahoni (1939—1945), barqaror namudan va minbada taraqqi doda­ni khojagii khalqi mamlakat, sokhtmoni jamiyati sotsialistii mutaraqqi dar safi pesh meistod. Dar rafti digargunsozihoi sotsialisti Rusho hamchun millati sotsialisti ta­shakkul yoftand va bo hamrohii millatu khalqiyathoi digari sotsialis­tii SSSR umumiyati navi tarikhi — khalqi sovetiro ba vujud ovardand. Dar zamoni soveti, dar natijai di­gargunsozihoi ijtimoiyu iqtisodi dar hayoti moddi va madani tagyiroti kulli ba amal omad.

Rusho bori avval ba Osiyoi Miyona dar asrhoi miyona omadaand. Rusho dar asari rohib Plano Karpini, ki soli 1264 ba Osiyoi Miyona omada bud, nombar shudaand. Ammo Rusho ba khalqhoi Osiyoi Miyona az davrahoi khele qadim malum buda bo onho aloqahoi iqtisodi va madani doshtand. YOft shudani tangahoi davlathoi Osiyoi Miyona (asrhoi 8—10) az hududi nohiyahoi Novgorod, Moskva, Ryazan va Vla­dimir az on shahodat medihad. Dar «Shohnoma»-i Firdavsi chunin bayt ba nazar merasad:

Ba Rum andarun shoh bud Faylaqus

Yake bud bo roi u shohi rus,

Inchunin dar «Hudud-ul-olam» oid ba Rusho malumoti ziyode hast. Badi ba davlati Rus hamroh karda shudani khonihoi Qazon (1552) va Ashtarkhon (1556) munosibathoi tijoratii khalqhoi Osiyoi Miyona bo Rusho boz ham avj girifta, borho safirho firistoda shudand. Khalqhoi Osiyoi Miyona, az jumla tojikon, bevosita bo khalqi rus, pesh az hama bo korgaron, dehqonon va ziyoiyoni peshqadami on badi ba Rossiya hamroh shudani Osiyoi Miyona shinosoi paydo kardand.

Az solhoi 30 asri 18 cap karda, khonihoi (Juz) qazoq va soli 1855 qabilahoi shimolii qirgizho baroi az hujumhoi beamoni jungarho va jabru zulmi khonhoi Khuqand amon yoftan majbur shudand, ki ikhtiyori ba Ros­siya hamroh shavand. Hukumati podshohi baroi mustahkam namudani sarhadi zaminhoi nav hamrodgardida yakchand chorabini ba amal barovard. Dar in joyho istehkomhoi harbiyu shahrhoi nav bunyod gardidand va ba onho qismhoi harbi, amaldoron va bo hamrohii onho qushunhoi qazaqhoi Orenburg va Sibir kuchida omadand. Dar natija az nimai duyumi asri 18 Rusho bevosita ba khududi khonihoi Osiyoi Miyona nazdik shu­dand. Az solhoi 60 asri 19, badi ba Rossiya hamroh shudani Osiyoi Miyona shumorai Rusho, ki ba Osiyoi Miyona kuchida meomadand, khele afzud. Nazar ba malumoti baruikhatgirii aho­lii soli 1920 ba Turkiston 437 hazor nafar aholi kuchida omadand, ki beshtari onho Rusho budand. Rusho az solhoi 60 asri 19 cap karda dar hududi hozirai Tojikiston sokin shudand. Soli 1871 dar Khujand 2045 nafar (az jumla 1529 nafar harbiyon), dar Uroteppa 1490 nafar (az jumla 1271 nafar har­biyon) istiqomat menamudand. Dar yak vaqt dar shahrho mahallahoi rusnishin ba vujud omadand. Chunin mahallaho dar shahrhoi Khujand va Uro­teppa ham ba vujud omada, dar onho amaldoron, korgaron va zibiyoni rus istiqomat mekardand. Rusho dar khududi Pomir, asosan dar Murgob va Khorug istiqomat mekardand, ki beshtarini onho harbiyon budand.

Ba khududi Osiyoi Miyona, az jumla ba Tojikistoi nafaqat amaldoron va kharbiyon, balki korgaron va dehqononi rus ham kuchida meoma­dand. Dehqononi rus dar natijai vaznin budani sharoiti zindagi dar

guberniyahoi markazi majbur meshudand, ki makoni khudro tark namuda, ba gushavu kanorhoi imperiyai Ros­siya muhojir shavand, dar natija qisme az onho sokini Osiyoi Miyona gashtand. Dar hududi toinqilobii uezdi Khujand 18 posyolkai rusnishin ba vuchud omada, dar onho beshtar az 7000 nafar istiqomat doshtand. Onho asosan az guberniyahoi Voro­nej, Astrakhan, Ekaterinoslav, Tam­bov, Samara, Simbirsk, Orenburg, Sibiri Garbi va gayra muhojir shuda omadaand. Muhojirshavii rusho to inqilobi Oktyabr davom kard. Na hamai dehqononi muhojirshuda ba dehot meraftand. Qisme az onho dar shahrho joy girifta safi korgaronro ziyod mekardand. Muhojirshavii ommavii dehqononi rus ba Osiyoi Miyona badi Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialii Oktyabr, Jangi grajdani va intervensiyai harbii khoriji (1918—1920) qat gardid. Ammo dar davrai Jangi Buzurgi Vatani baze korkhonahoi sanoati az qismi Evropoii SSSR ba respublikai Osiyoi Miyona kuchonida shu­dand. Binobaron, dar shahrho va markazhoi sanoati, az jumla dar baze shahrhoi Tojikiston ham shu­morai Rusho to andozae afzud.

Muhojirati Rusho ba Osiyoi Miyona, az jumla Tojikiston ahamiyati tarikhiyu progressisi dosht. Onho dar bayni mardumi tojik goyahoi marifatparvariro pahn namuda, baroi omadaniyati boyi khud va Evropa shinos namudani khalqi tojik roli ka­lone bozidand. Dar zeri tasiri Rusho khalqhoi mahalli bedorii siyosi ba dast ovarda, baroi ozodi va istiqloliyat ba muborizai siyosi barmekhostand. Revolyutsioneroni rus M. V. Morozov, N. V. Shumilov, T. I. Fioletov, E. A. Ivanitskiy va digar dar kori pahn kardani goyahoi marksizm va tashkil namudani guruhhoi mark­sisti khizmati kaloi kardand. Qabl az inqilobi Oktyabr olimoni namoyoni rus P. P. Semyonov-Tyanshanskiy, N. A. Seversov, V. F. Oshanin, I. V. Mushketov, A. P. Fedchenko va digar tabiati Osiyoi Miyonaro omukhta, dastrasi ilmi umumijahoni gardonidand. Sahmi olimoni rus dar tadqiqi zabon, adabiyot, tarikh, etno­grafiyai khalqi tojik khele kalon ast. Sharqshinosoni rus V. V. Bar­told, V. L. Vyatkin, I. P. Minaev, I. I. Zarubin, S. F. Oldenburg va digar tarikhi boyi tojikonro omukhta, maqomi onro dar taraqqiyoti tamadduni jahoni muqarrar namudand. Olimoni soveti E. E. Bertels, A. Yu. Yakubovskiy, A. A. Semyonov, A. M. Dyakov, M . S. Andreev, M. M. Dya­konov, A. M. Belenitskiy, I. S. Bra­ginskiy, A. N. Boldirev, B. A. Litvinskiy va bisyor digaron dar tadqiqi tarikhu madaniyati khalqi tojik khizmati shoista kardand.

Ad.: Narodi Evropeyskoy chasti 1064; Narodi Sred­ney Azii i Kazakhstana, t. 2, M., 1963; Kasimov N., Progressivnoe znachenie obrazovaniya russkikh poselkov v Khod­jeytskom uezde, D., 1968; Materiali po istorii gorodov Tadjikistana. D., 1975.

N. Qosimoe.