PUShTA

PUShTA, yak nav qabr va toppahoi boloi qabrhoi kuhnaro guyand. Bazan kharobahoi gunoguni inshooti rui qabrro niz Pushta menomand.

Pushtahoi qadimtarin dar okhiri davrahoi neolit va eneolit (qazorai 4—3 to melod) dar dashthoi sohilhoi bahrhoi Kaspiyu Siyoh (Pushtai madaniyati Drevneyama), Nazdikavziya (Pushtai madaniyati Maykop) va Zakavkaziya ba vujud omadaand. Pushkasozi dar nimai duyumi hazorai 3 to melod dar Osiyoi Khurd, Miyona, Balkan, Ev­ropai Markazi, badtar dar hama qitahoi olam (ba juz Avstraliya) malum gasht.

Pushta shakli nimdoiraro doshta, ba­zan bayzashakl yo asosash rostkunja ham meshavad. Andozaash gunogun: balandiash az 0,3—0,6 m to 20 m va az on ham beshtar, diametrash mutobiqan 3—4 m va ziyoda az 100 m shuda metavonad. Pushtahoi daroz namudi teppahoi tuloniro dorand, in az guronidani hasadi azoyoni yak qavm paydo shudaand. Dar bolii qabr va mayiti dar rui zamin guronidashuda niz Pushta mesokhtand. Qabrhoi zeri Pushta gunogunsokhtand: dakhma, lahad, qabrhoi bo takhta ruykashshuda va gayra. Dar zeri teppa ba gayr az qabr inshooti ilovagi — devorchahoi sangi, khishti, kulukhi niz buda metavonand. Baze khalqho muvofiqi urfu odatashon mayitro suzonida, khokistari onro zeri Pushta meguzoshtand. Pushtahoe malumand, ki bar qabrhoi har yak qavm sokhta shudaand. Dar teppaho ba juz qabrhoi asosi qabrhoi dertar sokhtashuda niz vomekhurand. Bazan boloi har yak qabri minbada teppa mebardoshtand, ki az in Pushta boz ham balandtar meshud. Az teppahoi Pushta osori gulkhan, ustukhoni hayvonot, zarfho va gayra yoft meshavand. Qarib hamesha ba qabr asbobu anjomi ruzgor, hurokvori, siloh, baze qabilaho boshad, dar hamin jo yo dar khonai makhsusi ze­ri teppaho aspu gulomon va zanoni marhumro dafn mekardand. Pushta alohida yo guruh-guruh voqe gashta, bazan to 3000 tepparo dar bar megirand. Barobari afzudani boygarii tabaqahoi ijtimoi farqiyati qabri odamoni doro va kamiagalon niz afzud. Khususan Pushtahoi peshvoyoni qabilahoe, ki dar miyona va okhirhoi hazorai 1 to melod dar dashthoi qismi evropoii SSSR (skifho, meotho), Sibiri Janubi va Muguliston zistaand, bo andoza va boygarii khud farq mekunand. Dar shahrhoi Rossiya urfu odati dar Pushtaho guronidani mayit badi jori gashtani masehiyat barham khurda boshad ham, dar dehot to asri 14 davom kard. Dar Tojikiston Pushtaho az qabristonhoi Dahana, Oqtom va gayra yoft shudaand.