PSIKhOANALIZ

PSIKhOANALIZ (az psikho va yunoni analusis —ba qismho judoshavi), me­todi psikhoterapiya va talimoti psikhologiest, ki prosesshoi paydoishi harakathoi ruhii beshuurona va vajhi amal (motivatsiya)-ro tahqiq mekunad. Bunyodi Psikhoanalizro okhiri asri 19 va avvali asri 20 dukhturi avstriyagi 3. Freyd guzosht.

Az Psikhoanaliz, ki nazariyai konkret va metodi psikhoterapiya meboshad, freydizmro, ki ruknhoi Psikhoanalizro ba darajai pripsiphoi falsafiyu antropologi mebardorad, farq boyad kard. Baze ruknhoi Psikhoanalizro dar osori J. Sharko va P. Jane (nazariyai psikhologii nevrozho) duchor metavon kard. Hanuz soli 1882 psikhiatri venagi Y. Breyer qayd karda bud, ki agar bo yorii gipnoz dardmand sababi faromushshudai majruhiashro ba khotir ovarda tavonad, shaklhoi vaznini jununiro ham muolija kardan mumkin ast. Dertar Freyd gipnozro bo metodi assotsiatsiyahoi ozod, ki on asosi tekhnikai Psikhoanaliz gardid, ivaz namud.

Oshkor shud, ki voqeahoi khotirozor, taassuroti purehtiros, orzuvu havasi ba amal nabaromada va gayra az psikhika tamoman nest nashuda, faqat az shuur ba tahtushshuur ronda meshavand va az on jo ba olami ruhonii inson faolona tasir mekunand (base noayon, dar shakli alomathoi nevrozi). Alomathoi nevroziro Psikhoanaliz aynan tashkilahoi psikhikii murosoandoze medonad ki dar natijai barkhurdi maylu ragbatho in mani botini (okhiri ifodai muqovimati shuur ba tamoyulho va takonhoi  khatarnoki tahtushshuur buvad) surat giriftaand. Psikhoanaliz dar Evropa badi tashkil yoftani Asso­tsiatsiyai psikhologii baynalkhalqi (1908), khususan dar solhoi Jangi (yakumi jahoni (1914—1918) nufuz paydo kard. Soli 1920 dar Berlin Instituti psikhoanaliz tasis yoft, ki on dukhturoni analitik tayyor mekard.Bad Psikhoanaliz dar Britaniyai Kabir, khususan dar IMA bosurat inkishof yoft.

Psikhoanaliz baroi inkishofi samthoi psi­khologiyai jarfoii muosir zamina faroham ovard. Ziddiyathoi dokhilii konsepsiyahoi Psikhoanalizi Freyd va payravoni u boisi paydoishi maktabu jarayonhoi nav — psikhologiyai individualii A. Adler, psikhologiyai analitikii K. G. Yung va gayra gardidand. Badi Jangi duyumi jahoni (1939—1945) Psikhoanaliz dar Evropa bo tasiri falsafai idealistii ekzistensi­alizm, fenomenologiya, neotomizm, dar IMA — neofreydizm khele in­kishof yoft. Yak qator jarayonhoi modernistii sanat va adabiyoti asri 20 (maktabi «jarayoni shuur», syur­realizm va gayra) kushish dorand metodhoi Psikhoanalizro ba kor barand.

Psikhoanaliz ba adabiyoti badei, adabiyotshinosi, sanatshinosi va digar ilmhoi gumanitarii Garb tasir rasonidaast.

Psikhologiyai muosir khizmati Psikhoanalizro dar tahlilu tarkibi yak qator padidahoi muhimmi psikhikai odami, maqomi tahtushshuur dar paydoishi nevrozho, dar tashakkuli shakhsiyat va raftoru kirdori odami etirof namuda, dar ayni zamon, onro baroi sarfi nazar kardani omilhoi ijtimoi dar amaliyotu faoliyati oda­mi, rioya nakardani usulu uslubhoi dar ilm mamuli isbot va taftishi fikru aqidaho tanqid mekunad. Ba darajai hamagoni (universali) bardoshtani mafhumhoi psikhoanalitiki, ba khaddi prinsiphoi falsafi (idealisti) rasonidani onho dar freydizm boisi manidodi vayroni padidahoi jamiyatiyu farhangi va nazariyai shakhsiyat gardid.

Holo dar psikhologiyai soveti padidahoi tahtushshuuri dar asosi korhoi tadqiqotii D. N. Uznadze va I. P. Pavlov, inchunin P. K.. Ano­khin, L. S. Vigodskiy, A. N. Leon­tev, S. L. Rubinshteyn va digaron omukhta meshavand. Bo tashabbus va ishtiroki faolonai onhost, ki soli 1979 dar Tbilisi Konferensiyai navbatii baynalkhalqi oid ba Prob­lemai tahtushshuuriyot dar CSCP barguzor gardid.