POLO

POLO (Rolo Marko, taqriban 1254, Venetsiya —8. 1. 1324, hamon jo), sayyoh va navisandai Italiya. Az oilai tojiir va sayyoh. Polo solhoi 1271—1275 hamrohi padarash Nikolo va amakash Matteo Polo savori kishtii tojiron ba sohilhoi janubu sharqii nimjazirai Osiyoi Khurd meoyad. Sipas ba vositai kuhsori Arman, hamvorii Baynannahrayn, kuhsori Eron, domanakuhi Hindukush ba Badakhshon meravad. Az on jo ba vositai Vakhon, Qoshgar ba Khitoyi Shimoli meoyad va to soli 1292 dar khizmati khoni mugul Khubilay memonad. Dar in muddat ba nohiyahoi gunoguni mamlakat safar mekunad. Az Khitoyi Janubi bo rohi bahri ba Eron va Turkiya omada, soli 1295 ba Venetsiya barmegardad. Bino ba baze malumotho Polo dar muhoribai mashhuri bayni Venetsiyayu Genuya, ki 7 sentyabri 1297 dar bahri Adriatika ba amal omada bud, ishtirok namuda, ba genuyagiho asir aftod. Dar mahbas hamrohi Rustichanoi Pizani khotirahoi khudro tahti unvoni «Kitobi Marko Polo» navisht, ki on okhiri soli 1298 ba tab rasid. Polo dar kitobi khud doir ba mavqei geografi, hayoti iqtisodiyu ijtimoi va madanii khalqhoi Sharq malumoti muhim dodaast. Yak bobi asar ba Osiyoi Miyona, Afgoniston va Eron bakhshida shuda, dar on oid ba mavqei geografii shahrhoi in nohiyaho (Marv, Balkh), ziroat (khususan ziroati polizi, galla), chorvodori (zothoi gunoguni aspho), sarvathoi zerizaminii Badakhshon (lal, yoqut), nabotot va hayvonoti on, sokhti antropologi, mashguliyat, madaniyati moddi (iqomatgoh, saru libos, khurok), dinu oin va digar jihathoi zindagii khalqhoi Pomir malumothoi nodir ovarda shudaand. Kitobi Polo yake az sarchashmahoi muhimi omuzishi geografiya, yotnografiya va tarikhi Armaniston, Gurjiston, Osiyoi Miyona, Eron, Khitoy, Muguliston, Hinduston ba shumor meravad va ba yakchand zabonhoi evropoi, az jumla rusi tarjuma va nashr shudaast.

As.; Kniga Marko Polo, per. so starofrans. I. P. Minaeva. Redaksiya i vstup. statya I. P. Magidovija, M., 1955.

Ad.: Stepnoy Et., Marko Polo o Sredney Aeii, «Srednyaya Aziya», Tashkent, 1896; Shklovskiy V., Marko Polo, M., 1936.

A. Valiev.