Ozodfikri

Ozodfikri, ozodandeshi,jarayoni afkori jamiyatiest, ki mukhtoriyati aqlro dar daryofti haqiqatqat hifz va nahyi diniro dar jarayoni zehni ahkomi etiqod rad me­kunad. Ozodfikri bo shaklhoi mukhtalifi tanqidi din (deizm, panteizm, no­minalizm) aloqamand bud.

Goyahoi Ozodfikri dar davlathoi gulomdorii sharq tashakkul yoftaand. Dar Misr («Suhbati mayusshuda bo ruhi khud»), Bobuliston («Suhbati khoja bo gulom»), Falastin Ozodfikriro dar shakli shakkokiyai dini, nobovari ba qudrati khudoho, amri marufi kohinon zohir gashtaast. Ozodfikri dar Khi­toy, Hinduston va khususan Yunoni Qadim (Geraklit, Demokrit va Epikur), Rimi Qadim (Lukresiy) khole inkishof yoft (nigared Ateizm).

Dar asrkhoi miyona,. dar sharoiti hukmronii mutlaqi ideologiyai dini nazariiyai haqiqati dugona navi etiroz ba muqobili zulmi ilmu marifat, shakli Ozodfikri bud. Nazariyai haqiqati dugona goyai mustaqiliyat va musovoti ilmu etiqodro tasdiq mekard. Asosguzoroni in nazariya mutafakkiri arab Ibni Rushd va faylasufi tojik Ibni Sino ofarinishi olam, jovidonii ruhro rad va ilmro az muteii din hifz menamudand.

Ba aqidai in mutafakkiron olam az rui qonuniyati tabiii khud be dakholati khudoho inkishof meyobad. Ba inkishof va intishori Ozodfikoi faoliyati ilmiyu ejodii mutafakkironi fors-tojik Zakariyoi Rozi, Umari Khayyom, Hofizi Sherozi, Abdurrahmoni Jomi, mutafakkiri buzurgi asri 12 Nizomii Ganjavi, mutaffakkironi uzbek Ulugbek va Alisheri Navoi, shoiri gurji Shota Rustaveli, mutafakkironi Garb Sigeri Brabanti, Uilyam Okkam muta- fakkiri asri 16 rus Feodosiy Kosoy, eposi khalqii arman «Davidi Sosu­ni» musoidat kardaand.

Ozodfikri dar asrhoi miyona manfiati on quvvahoi jamiyatiero ifoda menamud, ki bar ziddi feodalizm muboriza meburdand. Az in ru mazmuni zohiran dinii Ozodfikri ba paydoishi aqoidi progressivii aksar mutafakkironi asrhoi miyona khalal namerasond.

Inkishofi muttasili goyahoi Ozodfikri (tamoyudoti ateisti) ba tashakkuli aqidahoi bisyor olimon, faylasufon, navi­sandagoni davrai Ehyo (Pero Pomponasiy, Ulrikh fon Gutten, Erazmi Rotterdam») va Renessansi Evro­pa (Volter) tasiri mufid rasond. Ananahoi Ozodfikriro mutafakkironi fransavi, J. I. Lametri, P. A. Golbakh, D. Didro, K. A. Gelvesiy va materialisti nemis L. Feyerbakh, ki ba mavqei ateizm guzashta budand, idoma dodand. Dar targibu intishori goyahoi Ozodfikri khizmati M. V. Lomonosov, A. N. Radishev, A. P. Baryatinskiy buzurg ast. Okhiri asri 19 — ibtidoi asri 20 ifodakunandagoni asosii goyahoi Ozodfikri ham dar Sharqu ham dar Garb maorifparvaron (nigared Maorifparvary) budand.

Dar chamiyati hozirai burjuazi aksar mutafakkironi peshqadam bar ziddi ahkomu marosimi dini baromada, nuqta va jamoahoi irtijoii diniro tanqid menamoyand, vale dinro hamchun jahonbini purra inkor namekunand. Munaqqidoni hozirai din khudro ozodandesh nomida, ruhiyai intelligensiyai burjuazi va burjuaziyai maydaro ifoda mekunand, aksaran dar mavqei idealizmi falsafi mepstand (Muhammadi Abdu, Mukhammad Iqbol, nigilizmi dinii M. Khaydegger, J. P. Sartr).

Munaqqidoni burjuazii din dar doirai tashkilothoi ozodfikron muttahid shuda, tavassugi tashkiloti umumi norasoii vahdati goyaviro purra kardan mekhohand. Ittifoqhoi ozodfikron nashriyahoi khudro do- rand va dar du tashkiloti umumijahoni muttahid gashtaand: Ittifoqi umumijahonii ozodfikron (soli 1880 dar Bryussel tasis shudaast) va Ittifoqi baynalkhalqii gumanisti va akhloqi (1952, Amsterdam).

Adabiyot: Fransev Yu. P., U istokov re­ligii i svobodomisliya, Moskva— Leningrad, 1959; Bogoutdinov A. M., Ocherki po is­torii tadjikskoy filosofii, Stalinabad, 1961; Postup svobodnoy misli, «Nauka i religiya», 1964, JA 9; Istoriya svobodomisliya i ateizma v Evrope, Moskva, 1966; Istoriya i teoriya ateizma, Moskva, 1974.