Nizoriya

Nizoriya (az nomi Nizor Abumansur), shokhai ismoiliya yo khud ismoiliyai sharqi, ki okhiri asri 11 az ismoiliyai fotimi (mustaqil) judo shuda dar Iroq, Misr, Suriya va Eron pahn gardidaast. Sababi paydoishi Nizoriya vayron namudani qoidai vorisiyati imomati ismoiliya az tarafi imom Mustansir (vafotash 1094) donista shudaast. Mustansir vaqti dar hayot budanash pisari kalonii khud Nizor Abumayasurro valiahdi imomati ismoiliya elon karda bud, vale dere naguzashta qarori khudro ba foidai pisari khurdii khud Mustali Abulqosim yo Mustali Billoi digar namud.

Bad az vafoti Mustansir ismoiliyoni Iroq, Suriya va Eron imomati Nizorro qabul namuda, az ismoiliyoni fotimi, ki imomi onho Mustali tain gardida bud, judo shudaand. Judoshavii ismoiliya ba Nizoriya va mustaliya dar asl ziddiyati dokhilii imomati ismoiliya va payravoni on, ziddiyati bayni mehnatkashon va feodaloni ismoiliro inikos menamud. Dar ibtido az mustaliya farq nadosht, ammo dar okhiri asri 11 — ibtidoi asri 12 dar Eron va Suriya shurishi kaloni dehqononu kosibon cap zad, ki on ba Nizoriya quvvai nav bakhshid. Nizoriya bo nomi «davati jadid» (dar muqobili davati fotimi) falsafa va talimoti dinii khudro az baze jihatho tagyir dod. Vale ideologiyai Nizoriya faqat dar nimai du­yumi asri 12 tashakkul yoft va zud pahn gardid.

Asosguzor va ideologi Nizoriya yo «davati nadid» koenb Kh,asani Sab­bokh (vaf. 1124) khisob meyobad. «Da­vati jadid» ba muqobili hokimiyati feodalon va hukumati saljuqi ravona shuda, az goyahoi mazdakiya dar borai barobarii ijtimoi istifoda meburd. Ideologiyai Nizoriya nisbatan demokrati va ba khalqi mehnatkash fahmo bud. Binobar on tarafdoroni ziyode paydo nashud. Payravoni Nizoriya ba zinahoi gunogun taqsim meshudand va har yake az onho vazifai muayyanero ijro mekard. Dar soli 1090 shu­rishi dehqononu kosibon bo sardorii Hasani Sabboh bo zabti qalai Alamut anjom yoft, ki dar natija davlati ismoilii Alamut ba vujud omad. Nizoriya ideologiyai rasmii davlati Alamut gardid. Dar in davlat munosibathoi feodali barham mekhurd va ba dehqononu kosibone, ki rohbaroni davlat az bayni onho budand, sabukiho doda meshudand. Khirojhoi ziyodi feodalii davrai Saljuqiyon nest karda shudand, khalq az davlat yori megirift. Vale feodalon az bayn naraftand. Inchunin takhmin mekunand, ki dar davlati Alamut gulomdort niz vujud dosht.

Davlati Alamut ba muqobili davlatdorii saljuki muboriza meburd. Baroi nest kardani dushmanoni sinfii khud fidoiyonro dar marubi (terpopi) shakhsi istifoda menamud. Az in ru, ahli Nizoriya dar tarikh nomi «asossiya» yo «hashishiya», yane «qotilon»-ro giriftand. Dar amal marubi shakhsi shakli muborizai sinfi dar bayni Nizoriya va feodaloni saljuqi bud.

Bad az vafoti Hasani Sabboh dar dokhili Nizoriya guruhhoi feodali quvvat giriftand, vale dar zamoni Hasan ibli Muhammad ibni Kiyyo Buzurgumed (solhoi 60 asri 12) omma az nav galaba kard. Dar in davra ide­ologiyai Nizoriya inkishof yofta, unsurhoi demokrati purquvvat shudand. Ha­san ibni Muhammad shariati islomro barham doda «Ruzi qiyomat» elon mekunad. Mohiyati in tadbiri Hasan ibni Muhammad az on iborat, bud, ki u khalqro az rioyai qonunu qoidahoi shariat (namoz, ruza, va gayra) ozod namuda, in ruzro idi umumikhalji elon kard. Ammo dar davrai Jaloluddini Hasan (1210-1021) raviyai sunni az nav hamchun dini rasmii davlati Alamut barqaror gardid. Soli 1256 davlati Alamut az tarafi mugulho nest karda shud, va­le Nizoriya barham nakhurd. Nizoriya bo ahli tasavvuf makhlut gashta, dar asri 16 az nav zinda gardid. Markazi imomati Nizoriya ba Hiyaduston (shahri Puna) kuchid va dar on jo sulolai Ogokhonho tashakkul yoft. Imomi hozirai Nizoriya, ki az soli 1957 Sulton Karimkhon Ogokhoni  IV ast, yake az sarmoyadoroni kaloni Sharq buda, payravoni Nizoriyapo istismor mekunad. Payravoni Nizoriya qarib dar 20 mamlakati Osiyo va Afrikai Shimoli zindagi mekunand.

Ad.: Belyaev E. A., Musulmanskoe sektantstvo. M., 1957; Stroeva L. V., Gosudarstvo ismailitov v Irane v XI— XIII vv., M., 1978;