Murcha

Murcha (Formicidae), yak oilai hasharot, ki ba qatori pardabolho mansub buda, ba tavri ijtimoi zipndagi mekunad. Murcha khelhop gunoguni morfologi (modina va narinahoi boldor, modonai bebol — «malika», Murchahoi korgar va gayra) dorad. Badani Murcha az cap, sina va shikam iborat ast; poyhoyash se juft meboshand; muylabchahoyash borikand; ragdavonii bolhoyash nopurra yo khele sodda; aksarashon bol nadorand. 9 (yo 10) zeroila (360 jins)-i Murcha, ki qarib 7000 namudro darbar megirad, dar mamlakathoi tropiki, subtropiki va mu- tadili kurai Zamin pahn shudaast. Dar ITTIHODI ShURAVI qarib 300 namudash az 46 jins va dar Tojikiston qarib 50 na­mudash (Murchai aspak, Murchai zard, Murchai mallai beshagi va gayra) zindagi meku­nad.

Murchaho guruh-guruh dar murchakhonaho zindagi mekunand. Dar murchakhona odatan ba gayr az modina va narinahoi boldor yak yo yakchand modinai beboli tukhmguzor («malika») va bisyor Murchahoi beboli korgar (modinahoi az jihati jinsi inkishof nayofta), ki tabiatan va az rui sokhti morfologi ba yakchand guruhho taqsim meshavand (masalan, sari baze khelashon bisyor kalon buda, “as- kar”-ho nom dorand), hayot meguzaronand. Narina va modinahoi boldor dar murchakhona inkishof meyoband; dar faslhoi garmi sol onho baroi parvozi aqd az murchakhona mebaroyand; badi jufti jinsi narina halok meshavad, modina boshad, bolashro gum karda, ba bunyod namudani murchakhonai nav shuru mekunad. Modinai beboli tukhmguzor («mali­ka») tukhm meguzorad. Murchahoi korgar (darozii tanashon az 0,8 to 30 mm) asosan dar murchahonayu berun az on kor mekunand. Murchahoi sarkalon («askarho») vazifai posbonii murchakho­na va taqsimi saydro ba jo meorand.

Hayoti oilai Murchaho khususan Murchahoi darajai oli gunogun va murakkab ast. Asosi mavjudiyati oilaro mubodilai gizo dar bayni fardho va munosibati hamdigarii malikai tukhm­guzor va Murchahoi korgar tashkil me- dihand. Bazan yakchand oilai Murchaho koloniyai dustona tashkil namuda, yakjoya zindagi mekunand. Onho joi zistashonro yakjoya muhofizat mekunand va ba on jo Murchahoi begonaro omadan namemonand. Hayoti yak jator Murchaho ba namudhoi muayyani rastaniho vobasta ast. Masalan, bazei onho

dar surokhihoi kundai darakhtho lo­na mesozand, bazei digarashon boshand, moddahoe makhsuse, ki rastaniho judo mekunand, mekhurand. Murchaho baroi himoyai khud moei suzonanda (kislotai Murcha) judo mekunand. Khurokashon galladona, hasharot, shirai shirinchaho va gayraho meboshad. Aksari Murchaho hasharoti foidaovarand. Masalan, Murchahoi mallai beshagi az jinsi Formisa dar biotsenozi besha maqomi kalon dorand; onho hayvonhoi bemuhrai maydaro nobud mekunand. Vale bazei onho (Murchahoe, ki khurokvori, chub va gayraro mekhurand) ba khojagii khalq zarar merasonand.

Ad.: Jizn jivotnikh, t. E, M.. 1969.