MIKROELEKTRONIKA

MIKROELEKTRONIKA yak sohai elektronika buda, majmui masalahoi sokhtusozi tajhizoti mikrominvatyurii boetimod va sarfanokro dar bar megirad. Mikroelektronika dar ibtidoi solhoi 60 asri 20 dar natijai pay dar pay murakkabshavii vazifai appa­rati elektroni, afzoishi andozaho va ziyod shudani talabot ba etimodnokii onho ba vujud omad. Dar tajhizothoi alohida istifoda burdani dahho hazor lampahoi elekt­roni, tranzistorho, kondensatorho, rezistorho, transformatorho va g., ba vositai kafsheru lahimkori payvastani nugi onho boisi chunin norasoiho megardand: andozai tajhizot nohinjor, etimodnokii kori tajhizot past gardida, energiyai elektrii ziyodro metalabidand va g. Kashfi montaji chopi, mikromodul va skhemai integrali baroi qisman bartaraf gardidani in norasoiho sharoit faroham ovard.

Muvofiqi prinsiphoi fizikiyu tekhnologi Mikroelektronika ba qismhoi zerin taqsim meshavad: elektronikai ivtegrali, mikroelektronikai vakuumi, elektronikai optiki va elektronikai funksionai. Elektronikai integrali sohai beshtar peshraftai Mikroelektronika meboshad. Badi takomuloti in soha imkoniyati dar shakli baso mujaz sokhtani tajhizoti radioelektroni ba miyon omad. Skhemahoi integrali (mikroskhemaho) ham dar tekhnikai hisobkuniho sistemahoi kayhoni va ham dar asbobhoi ruzgor istifoda meshavand. Skhe­mahoi integralii nimnoqili solhoi 1959—61 kashf gardida, darajai integronii onho baland shudand (dar yak kristalli nimnoqili ziyoda az 1000-to element). Takomuli tekhnolo­giyai dar lavhahoi (plastinahoi) nimnoqili tayyor kardani elementhoi faol (diodi va tranzistori) bo rohi guzarish ba tarzi guruhi boisi rivoju ravnaqi tekhnologiyai tayyorkunii komponenthoe gayri­faoli mikrominiatyuri va tekhnikai montaji chopi va dig. dar navbati khud, boisi istehsoli skhemahoi  integralii navori gardid.

Gayr az skhemahoi integralii nimnoqili va navori skhemahoi integralii mushtarak ham tayyor karda meshavand. Darajai integronii skhemahoi integralii mushtarak ba darajai integronii skhemahoi integ­ral in nimnoqili nazdik ast. Badtar skhemahoi integradii vakuumi tahiya yoftand va raviyai nav — elektronikai vakuumi ba vujud omad. Skhemaho integralii vakuumi dar namudi tajhizoti ha­mai juziyotash dar vakuum joygirifta yo khud skhemai integralii navorii mujazi hamai asbobhoi elektronvakuumiash ovezon sokhta me­shavand. Chunin skhemahoi integrali khele mustahkamand.

Skhemahoi integrali az rui tainotashon ba du guruh: raqami (mantiqi) va khatti taqsim meshavand. Skhemahoi integralii raqami dar kompyuterho (hisobmoshinho) istifoda burda meshavavd, skhemahoi integralii khatti boshand, asosan ba­roi tagyirdihii buzurgihoi khattii signalhoi elektri (shiddatnoki, mo­dulyasiya va g.) khizmat mekunand.

Mikroelektronika asosan dar du raviya inkishof yofta istodaast: afzun gardondani darajai integroniyu zichii skhemahoi integrali va justujui prinsipu hodisahoi navi fiziki baroi sokhtani tajhizoti alektronie, ki dar skhematekhnika va santematekhnika istifoda meshavavd. In raviyai nav dar namudi umumi mikroelektronikai funksionali nomida meshavad.

Ad.: Integralnie skhemi, per s angl.. M., 1970; Mikroelektronika. Sb. st. v. 1—5. M.. 1967—72.