METODI MUQOISAVI-TARIKhI

METODI MUQOISAVI-TARIKhI dar adabiyot, yak qismi adabiyotshinosi, ki robita va munosibathoi adabii baynalmilali, shabohat va tafovuti hodisahoi adabiro dar adabiyoti khalqhoi gunogun meomuzad. Monandii hodisahoi adabi yo ba shabohati inkishofi ijtimoi va adabii khalqho yo ba ravobiti madaniyu adabishon vobasta ast. Holati yakum shakli tipologii mutobiqati adabi va duyum shakli robita va tasiri prosessi adabi meboshad. In du shakli ravobiti adabi az ham judo nestand, vale baromekhtani onho dar tadqiqi ravobiti adabi niz shoista nest, zero dar in hol khavfi ba tasiri adabi tabdil dodani robitaho ba vujud khohad omad. Sharti asosii omuzishi muqoisavii adabiyotkho qonuniyati yagonai inkishofi ijtimoiyu tarikhii insoniyat ast. Hatto dar mavridi nabudani robitai bevositai adabi, dar surati muvofiqati avzoi ijtimoi, ba vujud omadani umumiyati tipologii adabi mumkin khohad bud. Mavzui bahsi M. m.-t. muqoisai adabiyoti du yo ziyoda khalqho, ejodiyoti navisandagon va hatto asarhoi judogona shuda metavonad. Munosibathoi adabiyoti khalqhoi gunoguni olam, ki bo inkishofi munosibathoi jamiyati vobasta ast, inkishofi marhilavii hamai adabiyotho va dar zimni in marhilaho ba ham muvofiqat kardani onho meboshad. Mas., khalqhoi Sharqu Garb dar ibtidoi feodalizm davrai inkishofi eposi qahramonii khalqiro az cap guzaronidaand. YO «romanhoi khalqii» adabiyoti asrhoi miyonai mo ba romanhoi risarii («javonmardi») khalqhoi Evropa mutobiqati azime dorand. Adabiyoti khalqhoi Evropa yakchand davrahoi ba ham mushtarak, davrahoi Ehyo, klassisizm, romantizm, realizmi tanqidi va naturalizmro az cap guzarond. Holo realizmi sosialisti na tanho metodi adabiyoti soveti, balki metodi asosii adabiyoti khalqhoi ziyode shudaast. Dar olam khalqe nest, ki be robitai ijtimoi, siyosi, madani va adabi bo digar khalqho vujud doshta boshad. Khalqi tojik az qadim bo mardumi Hinduston robitahoi madaniyu adabi dosht. Hatto chandin asarhoi adabiyu akhloqi, misli «Kalila va Dimna» az hindi ba adabiyoti tojik guzashtaand. Tashakkuli adabiyoti zaboni dariro dar davrai islom be shakli sheri arab nametavon tasavvur kard. Lekin ravobit va tasiri adabiro ba tarzi suni, az intiqoli qonunhoi shaklu mazmuni yak adabiyot ba adabiyoti digar donistan ravo nest. Muvofiqati ehtiyoji manavii yak khalq ba shaklu mazmuni adabiyoti khalqi digar az rui qonuni dialektiki ba amal meoyad. Yake az shaklhoi mamuli ravobiti adabi tasiri adabiyoti khalqhoi peshqadam ba khalqhoi digar meboshad. Tasiru etibore, ki adabiyoti rus 64 adabiyoti digar khalqhoi soveti dorad, muvofiqi talaboti hamin qonun ast. Robitahoi adabii bayni khalqhoi gunogun hodisai tarikhist va dar har davru zamon shaklhoi gunogun khohad girift. Omuzishi robita va tasiri bayni adabiyothoi olam dar acoci M. m.-t. az a. 19 rivoj giriftaast (Gyote va aqoidi u dar borai «adabiyoti jahoni»). Saromadi M. m.-t. dar Rossiya A. N. Veselovskiy meboshad. Dar «Poetikai tarikhi» (1870—1906) u kushidaast, dar doirai adabiyoti umumi materiali adabiyothoi garbivu sharqi va slavyaniro jam ovarda, qonuniyathoi inkishofi jarayoni adabiro nishon bidihad.

Az soli 1955 Assosiasiyai baynalkhalqii adabiyotshinosii muqoisavi (markazash Parij) amal menamoyad, ki yakchand kongressho guzaronida dar nashriyai makhsuse materialhoi onho ba tab rasidaand (International comparative literature association. Procedings of the Congress», V.1—6, 1955—70). Dar adabiyotshinosii soveti masalai omuzishi muqoisavii adabiyothoi sermillati soveti, tasir va robitai bayni onho yake az masalahoi muhim ba shumor meravad. Soli 1960 Instituti adabiyoti jahoni doir ba in masala mubohisae tashkil namud. Badtar Instituti mazkur ba tayyor kardani asari 10-jildai «Tarikhi adabiyoti umumijahoni» shuru kard.

Ad.: Vzaimosvyazi i vzaimodeystviya nasionalnikh literatur. Materiali diskussii, M., 196,1; Lomidaeg., Metodologicheskie voprosi naucheniya vzaimosvyazey i vzaimoobogasheniya sovetskoy literaturi, M., 1963; Vzaimosvyazi i vzaimodeystviya literatur mira. Bibliografiya (1961—4965), ch. 1—2, M.. 1968; khamon asar (1966—1970), ch. 1—2, M., 1973.

Kh.Sharifov.