QASIDA

QASIDA ( az ar. —azm, maqsad, niyat), yake az mamultarin shaklhoi sher dar nazmi klassikii fors-tojik, khalqhoi Sharqi Nazdik va Osiyoi Miyona. Dar ejodiyoti shoironi peshazislomii arab va asrhoi nakhustini pahnshavii islom Q. khele rivoj dosht. Dar adabiyoti fors-tojik Q. a-hoi 9—10 dar ejodiyoti avvalin shoironi fors-tojik duchor meoyad; namunahoi behtarinu ba takomul rasidai on dar ejodiyoti Rudaki ba nazar merasad. Du manbai asosi dar tashakkuli Q.-i adabiyoti fors-tojik — nazmi peshazislomii fors-tojik va Q.-hoi adabiyoti arab vujud dorad. Dar adabiyoti peshazislomi manzumahoero bo nomi chakoma (chakomak, chagoma) paydo kardan mumkin ast, ki az jihati shakl va mazmun ba Q.-hoi shuaroi asrimiyonagi monandand. Tasiri Q.-hoi arabi dar shakli Q.-i adabiyoti fors-tojik zohir shudaand. Khususiyathoi shaklii Q. dar adabiyoti fors-tojik inhoyand: miqdori abyot az 15 to 120 bayt (Q.-hoi hajman ziyodtar— to 200 bayt niz mavjudand); qofiyabandi ba tarzi az, ba, va, ga va g. Nakhustin bayti Q.-ro matla va bayti okhirinashro maqta menomand; yake az sharthoi Q.-i khub doshtani husni matla va husni maqta ast. Agar miqdori abyoti Q. az mizoni oddi, yane az hududi 30—40 bayt guzarad, matlai nav ovardan mumkin ast, ki onro tajdidi matla menomand. Pas az tajdidi matla shoir metavonad dar mazmuni Q. niz tagyirot darovarad. Q.-hoe niz hastand, ki tamomi misrahoi onho hamqofiya meboshand va onhoro Q.-hoi tamommatla meguyand. Namunai sheri tamommatla dar adabiyoti peshazislomi manzumai «Surudi otashkadai Parkuy» ast. Az jihati sokht Q. du nav meshavad: mukammal va muhtazab (buridashuda). Q-i mukammal az rui qolabi muayyane suruda shuda, doroi muqaddima — tashbib yo nasib, madh, fakhriya, talab va duost. Q-i muhtazab on ast, ki shoir be muqaddima, az nakhustin bayt ba maqsadi aslii khesh pardozad. Dar tarikhi adabiyoti fors-tojik navhoi gunoguni Q. ba miyon omadaast; az jihati mavzu, mazmunu mundarija va shakl onhoro ba yakchand guruh taqsim namudan mumkin ast:

1)    Q-i madhi, Q-e, ki dar mahdu sitoishi shakhse gufta shudaast. Dar adabiyoti asrimiyonagii fors-tojik Q-hoi madhi beshtar ba shohonu amiron, namoyandagoni sulolahoi hukmron, shamsheru tiru kamonu nayza va dig. vasoilu lavozime, ki khosi mamduh ast, bakhshida shudaand. Unsuri, Farrukhi, Manuchehrii Domgoni, Yanvari va dig. az ustodoni Q-i madhi meboshand.

2)    Q-i holi, shikoyati (shikvoiya), Q-e, ki dar on shikoyati shoir az zamon, zindagii nomusoid, bayoni nochiziyu beetiborii jahon, tasviri yagon lahzai hayot, guzashtani umri javoni, azobu mashaqqathoi zindon, duri az zanu farzand, kheshu tabor va g. ovarda shudaast. Q-i «Shikoyat az piri»-i Rudaki, Q-hoi Masudi Sadi Salmon behtarin namunahoi in navi Q. ba shumor meravand.

3)    Q-i hajvi (hajviya), Q.-e, ki dar mazammatu hajvi kas suruda meshavad. In navi Q. khususan dar a-hoi 11—12 khele rivoj yoft. Shoironi darbor kushish mekardand, ki mukholifonu dushmanoni mamduh yo raqiboni khudro bo sukhanhoi tezu tund tanayu malomat kunand. Shoiri a. 10 Mushiki Tirmiziro az avvalin saroyandagoni in navi Q. medonand. Dar ashori Suzanii Samarqandi, Munzii Nishopuri, Anvari namunai Q.-i hajvi duchor meoyad.

4)    Q.-i falsafi (irfoni), Q-e, ki dar on aqidahoi falsafi yo irfonii shoir ifoda yoftaast. Dar adabiyoti klassikii fors-tojik chunin Q. bori avval dar ejodiyoti shoiri a. 10 Kisoii Marvazi duchor meshavad. Az a-hoi 11—12 cap karda in navi Q. khele rivoj yoft. Nosiri Khisrav, Sadi, Khoqoni, Jomi Q.-i falsafi ejod kardaand.

5)    Q.-i bahoriya, Q-e, ki dar tasviri bahor va zeboihoi on gufta meshavad (Q-hoi shoironi nimai avv. a. Q— Manuchehri, Farrukhi, Unsuri).

v) Q.-i fakhriya, Q.-e. ki tamomi on yo muqaddimaash az bayoni sifathoi khudi shoir va iftikhori u az ilmu hunarash meboshad.

7)    Q-hoi dini-mazhabi. Nig. Nat, Munojot.

8)    Q-i masnu, Q.-e, ki dar bayti on bo yagon sanati sheri gufta shudaast. Surudani in nav Q., ki tazohuroti shaklparasti bud, dar a. 12 rivoj yoftaast. Qivomii Mutarrizi ikhtirokunandai in nav Q. ba shumor meravad.

9)    Q.-i akhloqi, Q.-e, ki tavassuti on shoir aqidahoi pandu akhloqi va tarbiyavii khudro bayon mesozad. Dar adabiyoti klassikii fors-tojik avvalin Q.-i akhloqiro dar ashori shoironi a. 10 Rudakiyu Kisoi paydo mekunem. Ammo qavitarinu mustahkamtarini in naviQ.-ro Nosiri Khisrav, Sanoi, Sadi, Hofiz, Khusravi Dehlavi va Jomi guftaand. Qasidahoi «Daryoi abror»-i Khusravi Dehlavi, «Hujjat-ul-as-ror»-i Abdurrahmoni Jomi. «Tuh-fat-ul-afkor»-i Navoi, ki ba tojiki dar payravii qasidai Jomy surudaast, az behtarin Q.-hoi akhloqi hisob meyoband.

Vobasta ba sharoiti zindagi, hayoti ijtimoiyu siyosii davr, ahvolu maishati shoiron mazmunu mundarija va shakli Q,, tagyir yoftaast. Dar targibu tashviqi aqoidi ijtimoii shoiron (davati shohon ba adlu adolat dar madhiyaho), ashkori pandu akhloqii onho, bayoni afkori falsafi va g. ahamiyati Q,- ziyod ast. Q,.-hoi madhi garchande az jihati goya past boshand ham, az tarafi digar onho bo faro giriftani ruydodhoi tarikhi ahamiyat dorand. Qismhoi nasibu tashbib (tagazzul)-i onho namunai sherhoi barjastai tasviri obraznoki tabiat («sherhoi peyzaji») meboshand. Baze Q.-ho malumoti ziyodi jugrofi, etnografi va g.-ro dar bar megirand. Q. dar adabiyoti sovetii tojik misli digar shaklhoi sher: gazal, ruboi, dubayti va g. rivoji bosazo nadoshta boshad ham, surudani in nav sher qat, nagardidaast. Dar ejodiyoti Ayni, Lohuti, Rahimi, Dehoti, Mirzo Tursunzoda Q. ba nazar merasad. Q.-hoi adabiyoti sovetii tojik az jihati mazmun va mavzu nav meboshand. Beshtari ashore, ki dar vasfi partiyayu khalq va kornamoihoi mehnatii mardum suruda shudaand, Q. meboshand. Q,.-i «Kreml»-i Abulqosimi Lohuti, ki dar javobi Q.-i «Kharobahoi Madoin»-i Khoqonii Shervoni surudaast, az jumlai behtarin Q.-hoi adabiyoti sovetii tojik ba shumor meravad.

Ad.: Bertels E. E., Istoriya persidsko-tadjikskoy literaturi, M., I960; Akimushkin O. Fm K voprosu o tradisii janra iskusstvennoy kasidi va persidskoy poezii, dar masm.: «Iran», M., 1971; Mulloadmadov M., Farrukhii Sistony, D.. 1977; Abdulloev A., Adabiyoti forsu tojik dar nimai avvali asri XI, D., 1979;

U. Toirov.