Hifzi rastani

Hifzi rastani, sohai ilmi khojagii qishloq, ki usulu rohhoi muborizaro bar ziddi kasali, zararrasonho, alafhoi begonai ziroati khojagii qishlok va beshazor, inchunin sistemai tadbirhoi khojagihoi jangaldori va khojagii qishloqro oid ba peshgirivu barhamdihii osebi ba rastani rasonidai zararrasonho tadqiq menamoyad. Muhofizati rastani na tanho az mahvi organizmhoi zararrason yo mahdudgardonii doirai faoliyati onho iborat ast, inchunin muayyan namudani davrai paydoishu miqyosi pahnshavi, peshgirii pahnshavii makhsusan organizmhoi zararrasonro az yak kishvar ba kishvari digar niz ba zimma dorad. Muhofizati rastani dar zaminai muvaffaqiyathoi agronomiya (dehqoni, rastaniparvari, fitopatologiya va antomologiyai khojagii khalq va gayra), zoologiya va botanika (asosan sistematika, anatomiya, morfologiya, ekologiya, geografiyai rastani va hayvonot), genetika, biokhimiya va fiziologiyai rastaniyu hayvonot va gayra ravnaq meyobad. Muhofizati rastani ba meteorologiya iqlimshinosi, khimiyayu fizika, gigiena va toksikologiya va gayra niz uzvan aloqamand ast.

Nazar ba malumoti Tashkiloti khurokvori va khojagii qishloqi TDM dar natijai kasali va osebi zararrasonho sole taqriban 20-25% hosili umumijahonii ziroati khurokvori nobud meshavad. Binobar in mavqe va ahamiyati Muhofizati rastani baroi baland bardoshtani darajai istehsol va hifzi mahsuloti khojagii qishloq khele buzurg ast.

Hanuz 3 hazor sol to m. ba odamon ofati malakhi biyoboni va zarari kasalihoi rastani malum bud. Dar asarhoi navisandagoni Yunoni Qadim tavsifi kasalihoi zanga, siyohkuya (siyohmushk), tosaki darakhton va gayra mavjudand, ki zuhuri “gazabi khudo”  mehisobidand.  Avvali asri 18 botaniki fransavi J. Turnefor va digaron ba tasnifoti kasalihoi rastani kushish kardand. Nimai duyumi asri 18 olimi rus A. T. Bolotov, fransavi A. Tillet, italiyavi F. Fontan, daniyagi Ya. Fabrisius va digaron dar asosi tajribahoi sershumor siroyati bisyor kasalihoro sobit namudand. Nimai duyumi asri 19 zarari azimi iqtisodie, ki hasharot va kasalihoi rastani (filloksera, malakh, fitoftorozi kartoshka va gayra) ba yak qator mamlakatho rasond, zarurati markazonii korhoi tadqiqoti va daryofti rohhoi muboriza bo kasaliyu hasharoti zararrasonro nishon dod. Dar bisyor mamlakathoi byuroi davlati, departamentho, idorahoi entomologiyu fotopotologi ba vujud omadand va korhoi tadqiqoti ilmiro ba roh mondaand. Dar ShMA soli 1853 kasbi entomolog va 1888 st. Entomologi paydo shud.

Dar Rossiya okhiri solhoi 70 va 80 asri 19 komissiyahoi entomologii doim amalkunandai oddesa va Kharkov tasis yoft. Soli 1887 avvalin bor vazifai entomologi guberniya ba rasmiyat daromad. Soli 1904 dar Kiev, Voronej, Kharkov, Stavropol, Toshkent va gayra stansiyahoi entomologi ba vujud omadaand. To soli 1916 dar Rossiya 30 muassisai entomologi bud.

Okhiri asri 19 va nimai asri 20 olimoni rus A. A. Yachuvskiy, D. I. Ivanovskiy, I. L. Serbinov, G. K.  Burgvits, amerikoi E. Smit, U. Stenli va digar sadho namudhoi navi zamburughoi fitopatogeni, bakteriya, virus va kirmhoi kasaliangezi rastaniro muayyan namudand; Bioligiya va fiziologiyai bisyor zararrasonihoi khavfnokro omukhtand. Usulhoi zerini Muhofizani rastani mavjudand:

Argotekhniki, ki ba istifodai usulhoi umumi va makhsusi agrotekhniki asos yoftaast va bo yorii onho sharoiti ekologiya ba inkishofu afzoishi organizmhoi zararrason nomusoidro faro ovard, qobiliyati khudmuhofizii rastanihoro baland mebardorand. In usulro bori avval dar avvali asri 20entomologi rus N. V. Kurdyumov ba kor burdaast. Dar inkishofi  on tadqiqoti olimoni rus A. A. Yachevskiy, A. I. Borggardt, D. T. Strakhov,V. N. Shyogov, nemis P. Zorauer, G. Gasner, amerikoi G. Keyt, R. Spreyg va digaron sahmi arzanda dorand. Makhsusan durust guzaronidani kishtgardon yake az omilhoi asosiest, zero kishti bemaylon boisi dar khok gun shudani zararrasonu angezandahoi kasali megardad. Sistemai khubi shudgori zamin ham boisi kam va nobud shudani bisyor zararrasonho meshavad. Toza va ba navho judo kardani tukhmi dar muboriza bo kasalii rastani ahamiyati kalon dorad. Sari vaqd guzaronidani kisht va ba zamin andokhtani nuri omilhoi muhiti agrotekhnikiand. Tadbiri asosii muborizai ziddi zararrasonho, masalan, sangpushtaki gandum, barmahal jam ovardani hosil ast.

Kisht va parvarishi navhoi ziroati ba kasali tobovar yake az omilhoi muhim ast. Dar omuzishi problemahoi immuniteti rastani N. I. Vavilon, A. A. Yachevskiy, P. G. Chesnokov, I. D. Shapirov, T. I. Fedotova (ITTIHODI ShURAVI), I. Erikson (Shvetsiya), E Stekmen (ShMA), D. Karbone, A. Arnaud (Italiya) va digaron sahmi kalon guzoshtand. Badi ba vujud ovardani avvalin navhoi mushungi govak va pakhtai ba kasalihoi pajmurdagii fuzariozi tobovar (ShMA) dar bisyor mamlakatkho hazoron navhoi ziroat ba dast ovardand, ki ba bisyor kasalivu zararrasonho tobovarand. Masalan, dar ITTIHODI ShURAVI navhoi kartoshkai ba tosaku fitoftorioz va oftobparasti ba zanga va shumgiyoh tobovar va gayraro ba vujud ovardand. Inchunin navhoi gunoguni gandum va tamokuro ba dast ovardaand, ki ba bisyor kasaliho va zararrasonho tobovarand.

Biologi, ki ba istifodai hasharoti darranda va parazit (endomofagho), kanahoi darranda (akarifagho), mikroorganizmho, kirmho, parrandaho, shirkhorho va gayrho baroi mahv yo kam kardani miqdori zararrasonho asos yoftaast. Avvalin tajribai istifodai hasharoti sudbakhsh (murchai darranda bar ziddi kirmina va hasharoti zararrason) dar Khitoy bo muvaffakiyat anjon yoft. Soli 1855 entomologi amerikoi  A. Fitch baroi ba muhiti mahal mutobiq namudani yake az parazithoi pashshai gandum kushid. Ammo omuzishi usuli biologi okhiri asri 19 vusat girift. Solhoi 70 az 520 namudi entomofagho, ki az digar davlatho ba ShMA burdaand, 115 namudash ba sharoiti mahal mutobiq shudaast. Inkishofi usuli biologii Muhofizati rastani dar ShMA ba nomi olimon F. G. Flanders, S. P. Klauzen, F. G. Simmonds va digaron aloqamand ast.  Dar Rossiya ba chunin tadqiqotho I. I. Mechnikov asos guzosht, ki zanburug- angezandai muskardini sabzro bar ziddi gambuski zararrasoni gandum va lablabu istifoda burdaast. Rohhoi istifodai parazitu darrandahoi hasharoti zararrason dar ITTIHODI ShURAVI gunogun ast. Yake az usulhoi samarabakhshi muboriza bo zararrasonho ba sharoiti mahal mutobiq kunonidani entomofaghoe meboshand, ki az mamlakathoi digar ovarda shudaand. Masalan, paraziti afelisunro, ki az ShMA (1923,1930) ovardaand, ba muqobili shirinchai surkh – zararrasoni bogot bo muvafaqiyat istifoda kardand. Rohi digar istifodai entomofaghoi mahalli ast. Onhoro dar bio laboratoriyaho ziyod karda, ba kishtzor sar medihand, masalan, tukhmkhuraki paraziti trikhogrammaro bar ziddi kirmi tiramohi, mevakhurak va mur; gambusaki kriptolemusro bar ziddi kirmhoi ziroati sitrusi va tokzor; psevdofikusro bar ziddi kirminai Komstok; kanai darrandai fitoseyulyusro ziddi tortanakanai garmkhona va gayra ba kor mebarand.

Ba muvofiqi zararrasonihoi ziroati khojagii qishloq dar yak qator mamlakatho zanburughoi patogeni, bakteriya va virushoro niz istifida mekunand. Soli 1962 dar ITTIHODI ShURAVI istehsoli biopreperati bakteriyavii entobakterin ba roh monda shud va bar ziddi zararrasonhoi bargkhoyak bo muvaffaqiyat istifoda burdand. Bioprepereti zanburugii boverip dar mahvi gambusaki koloradoi samarabakhsh ast. Soli 1962 dar zaminai zanburugi saprofiti khoki –antogonisti trikhoderma biopreparati trikhodermin hosil kardaand, ki hangomi ba khok andokhtan angezandai kasalihoi zagir, galladona va vilti pakhtaro nobud mekunad.

Khimiyavi, ba istifodai moddahoe asos yoftaast, ki baroi organizmhoi zararrason zahrand. Makhsusan badi soli 1945 ba tufayli tarzi oddii istifoda, samaranoki va tasiri universali doshtani yak qator moddahoi khimiyavi vusat yoft. Dar bisyor mamlakatho sohai makhsusi sanoat- istehsoli pestitsidho mavjud ast. Solhoi 20-30 ba sifati insektisidho asosan payvasthoi margimush va bade preparathoi baroi odamu hayvonoti garmkhun zahrnokro istifoda meburdand. Badi soli 1945 ba joi onho payvasthoi organikii tipi DDt, geksakhloran va gayra va solhoi 60 payvasthoi khlor, fosfor va nitrogendor jori shudand. Bar ziddi alafhoi begonai khojagii qishloq dahho gerbisidho, ki ba guruhhoi khele gunoguni payvasthoi khimiyavi taalluq dorand, samaranok istifoda meshavand.

Barobari in az had ziyod va yaktarafayu bemasuliyatona istifoda burdani pestisidho dar yak qator mamlakatho boisi iflosii zamin, ob, paydoishi shaklhoi navi ba pestisidho tobovari zararrasonho va gayra shud. Baroi in dar tamomi mamlakatho baroi mahdud namudani istifodai pestisidho tadbirho meandeshand. Dar ITTIHODI ShURAVI istifodai payvasthoi dieni (aldrin va dildrin), qarib tamomi preparathoi margimush, DDT va gayra man ast. Rohhoi daryofti preparathoi khimiyavii bezarar va durust istifoda burdani moddahoi mavjudai khimiyaviro justujuy menamoyand. Inkishofi usuli khimiyavii Muhofizati rastani bo nomi olimon R. D. O’Brien , I. G. Khorsfoll, R. L. Metkapf (ShMA), E. Yu. Spenser ( Kanada ), G. Martin (Britaniyai Kabir), G. D. Ugryumov, A. N. Nesmeyanov, A. M. Ilinskiy (ITTIHODI ShURAVI) va digaron aloqamand ast.

Mekhaniki (bo rohi kandani har guna chukuriho, istifodai asbobu anjomi gunogun baroi saydu mahv namudani zararrasonho, jam kardani tukhm, kirminayu hasharot va suzondani onho va gayra ), ki dar guzashta ahamiyati muhim dosht, vale az sabai mehnattalab va kamsamar budanash mahdud shudaast.

Peshrafti imruzai biologiya, fizika, khimiya baroi justujui usulho va vositahoi boz ham mukammali Muhofizati rastaniro tadqiq karda istodaand, ki ba istifodai omilhoi fiziki- afkanishoti radiaktivi va garmi, ultrasado, nur va gayra asos yoftaast. Gamma-shuobarori baroi sterilizatsiyat hasharot (badi juft shudani hasharoti sterili va gayristerili nasli onho qoboloyati afzoishro gum mekunad) istifoda meshavad. Sterilizatsiya bo yorii gammashuobarorii baze payvasthoi khimiyavi, alalkhusus, antibiotikho antimiabolitho va gayraho ba amal barovarda meshavad. Bo in usul dar jazirai Kyurasaoi britaniyai Kabir va ShMA (17,5 mln ga) paraziti khavfnoki chorvomagasi Cfllitroga hominivorax nest karda shud. Dar ITTIHODI ShURAVI iod ba sterilizatsiyai mevakhuraki seb, kirmi tiramohi, kirmi guza va donkhuraki nakhudi lubiyo, ganbusaki anbor va gayra tadqiqot mebarand.

Nimai duyumi solhoi 40 asri 20 badi oshkor namuda baze jihathoi manfii usulhoi khimiyavii Muhofizati rastani ba usuli integronidai Muhofizati rastani diqqati jiddi doda istodaand. Mohiyati in usul musoidatii usulhoi khimiyavi va biologii Muhofizati rastani bo maqsadi purra nigoh doshtani entomofaghoi sudmand meboshad. Olimoni Inti zoologiya va parazitologiyai AF RSS Tojikiston bo rohbarii akademik M. N. Nazriqulov dar pakhtazori kolkhozhoi rayoni YOvon in usuli Muhofizati rastaniro bo muvaffaqiyat ba kor mebarand. Maqsadi in usul tadrijan ivaz namudani pestisidho bo usulhoi biologi va gayra meboshad.

Dar ITTIHODI ShURAVI oid ba tadbirhoi amalii Muhofizati rastani Sarupravleniyai Vazorati khojagii qishloq oid ba Muhofizati rastani, Shubai nigahboni va hifzi jangali Komiteti davlatii khojagii jangali ITTIHODI ShURAVI va hamchunin upravleniyahoi vazorathoi khojagii qishloq, khojagii jangaldori va st-hoi Muhofizati rastanii respublikahoi ittifoqi rohbari mekunand. Markazhoi ilmiyu metodii Muhofizati rastani inhoyand: Instituti umumiittifoqii tadqiqoti ilmii Muhofizati rastani (Leningrad) va shubahoi Muhofizati rastanii akademiyai ilmhoi khojagii qishloqi ba nomi V. I. Lenin (Moskva).  Dar Tojikiston oid ba Muhofizati rastanii dar Instituti zoologiya va parazitologiyai AF RSS Tojikiston,, Instituti khojagii qishloqi Tojikiston, Instituti ziroati VKhQ Tojikiston  , Instituti biologiyai Pomir korhoi tadqiqoti mebarand.

Dar ITTIHODI ShURAVI natijai tadqiqotho oid ba Muhofizati rastani dar jurnalhoi “Zashita rasteniy”,”Khimiya pestitsidov”,”Lesnoe khozyaystvo” va gayra chop meshavand.ITTIHODI ShURAVI azoi Konvensiyai baynalkhalqi oid ba Muhofizati rastani ast. Har sol kongresshoi baynalkhalqi oid ba  va kongresshoi baynalkhalqii fitopotologiya va entomologiya barpo meshavad.

Ad,: Berim N.G., Khimicheskaya zashita rasteniy, L., 1966; Pavlov I. F., Agrotekhnicheskie metodi zashiti rasteniy, M., 1967; Biologicheskaya borba s vrednimi nasekomimi i sornyakami, M., 1968 ; Shepetilnikova V. A. , Federonchik N. S. , Biologicheskiy metod borbi s vreditelyami selskokhozyaystvennikh kultur, M., 1968; Andreev S. V. , martens B. K. , Molchaynova V. A., Biofizicheskie metodi v zashite rasteniy ot vrediteley i bolezney, l,, 1969.