FARD, KhOS VA KULL

FARD, KhOS VA KULL, kategoriyahoi falsafi buda, fard mustaqiliyati nisbii ashyoyu hodisahoi alohida, kul umumiyati khosiyat, munosibat va robitai ashyoyu hodisaho va khos tarzi aloqai fard va kulro ifoda mekunand. Bayni in kategoriyahoi falsafi aloqai dialektiki mavjud ast. Zero ashyovu hodisahoi alohida bo bisyor ashyovu hodisahoi digar robitai mutaqobila doshta, ba inkishofi yakdigar musoidat mekunand. Prosessi inkishofi hodisaho ba tabiati onho vobasta buda, khususiyati fardii onho dar hamin zamina zohir meshavad. Az in ru, majmui khosiyathoe, ki ba yak hodisai alohida mansuband, fardro tashkil medihand.

Ashyo va hodisahoi olam alohida vujud doshta boshand ham, mustaqil nestand, zero ashyoi alohida juzi olami yagonaro tashkil medihad va dar aloqamandi bo on inkishof meyobad. Dar in holat vay gair az sifathoi bo khud khos boz doroi khosiyathoe megardad, ki ba digar ashyo niz khosand. Khosiyathoe, ki ba onho sistemai muayyani ashyo molik ast, kulro tashkil medihand. Ba hamin minvol, kul khususiyati umumi doshta, mohiyat va tarafhoi obekthoi sistemai muayyanro inikos menamoyad.

Halgomi muayyan namudani mohiyati ashyo yo hodisai alohida, onro bo guruhi muayyani ashyovu hodisaho muqoisa namudan lozim ast. Dar tarikhi falsafa, dar halli masalai robitai mutaqobilai fard va kul aqidahoi mukhtalif mavjud buda, mafhumi fardu kul, munosibati dialektikii onhoro ba tavri gunogun tabir namudaand. Masalan, idealistoni obektivi kulro ba darajai igroq bardoshta, onro ba misli ruhi mutlaq novobasta az fard vujud doshta mepindorand. Realistho fardro ba kul vobasta medonand. Nominalistho isbot kardani meshavand, ki kul asosi reali nadorad, fard yagona mavjudiyati reali meboshad. Az in ru, kul dar shuuri odam vujud dorad va guruhi ashyoi muayyanro ifoda mekunad.

In tabiri idealistoni obektivi, realiston va nominaliston fahmishi yaktarafa va nodurusti robitai dialektikii fard, khos va kul meboshad. Dar asri miyona Duns Skott va badtar F. Bekon, J. Lokk, L. Feyerbakh va digar ba muayyan namudani munosibati fardu kul kushidaand. Lekin onho aloqai mutaqobilai in kategoriyahoro oshkor karda natavonistand.

Tanho materialiami dialektiki fahmishi durusti fard, khos va kulro asosnok namud. Muvofiqi talimoti on na fard va na kul mustaqilona vujud doshta nametavonand. Tanho chizhoi alohida mustaqilona vujud dorand, ki onho yagonagii fard va kulro tashkil medihand. Fard va kul dar predmet va hodisahoi alohida mavjudand, tarafho va holati onhoro ifoda mekunand.

Fardro bo khos muqoisa namuda, mushohida namudan mumkin ast, ki fard hamesha ba sifati khos zuhur meyobad. Fard majmui khosiyati ashyoi muayyanro dar bar girifta, onro az digar ashyoi muqoisashavanda farq mekunonad. Agar fard hama vaqt dar shakli khos zuhur yobad, on goh munosibati kul va khos farq mekunad. Dar yak holat kul hamchun khos va dar holati digar hamchun kul zuhur meyobad. Hangomi dar bayni ashyoi muqoisashavanda vujud doshtani farqiyat kul hamchun khos va dar holati bo ham monand budani ashyoi muqoisashavanda kul hamchun kul zohir megardad. Chigunagii on ba sharoiti konkreti vobasta ast.

A. Odinaev.