Jumhurii ChEKhOSLOVAKIYa

ChEKhOSLOVAKIYa (Seskoslovens-ko), Respublikai Sosialistii Chekhoslovakiya, RSChS (Seskoslovenska Socialislicka Republika), davlatest dar Evropai Markazi. Masoh. 127,9 haz. km2. Aholiash 15,52 mln naf. (1 yanv. 1986), aholii shahri 66%; chekhho 64%, slovakho besh az 30%. Poytakhtash sh. Praga. Zabonhoi rasmi — chekhi va slovaki. Qismi ziyodi dindoron katolikhoand. Federasiyai du respublikai sosialistii barobarhuquq: Chekhiya (RSCh, poytakhtash sh. Praga) va Slovakiya (RSS, poytakhtash sh. Bratislava). Organi olii hokimiyati davlati Majlisi federalii dupalatagist, ki az Palatai khalqi va Palatai millatho iborat ast. Sardori davlat — prezident.

Relefi Chekhoslovakiya asosan az balandiho va kuhho iborat ast. Qismi garbii mamlakatro kuhhoi Chekh, q-kuhhoi Shuma va, Beshai Chekh, Krushne-Gori (Kuhhoi Madandor), Krkonoshe va balandii Chekhu Morava ishgol kardaand. Dar qismi sharqi kuhhoi Karpat (k. Gerlakhovski-Shtit, 2655 m, balandtarin nuqtai Chekhoslovakiya) va dar janubi in kuhho hamvorii Dunai Miyona joygir shudaand. Iqlimash mutadil, dar qismi sharqi mamlaka t va khamihoi baynikuhi kontinentist. Haror. miyonai yanv. az —1*S (dar hamvoriho) to — 10*S (dar quhho), iyul az 21 to 4*S. Borishoti solona 450—700 mm, dar kukhho to 2100 mm. Daryohoi asosi: Dunay, Laba (Elba), Vltava, Vag. Qarib 35% hududi Chekhoslovakiya beshazor ast; mintaqahoi beshadasht niz mavjudand.

Dar hududi hozirai Chekhoslovakiya dar asrhoi 5—6 m. qabilahoi slavyan istiqomat mekardand. Dertar in sarzamin ba davlathoi Samo (a-hoi 7—9) va Moraviyai Buzurg (a-hoi 9—10) dokhil bud. Slovakiya dar a. 11 ba shohii Vengriya hamroh shud. Dar nimai yakumi a. 15 sarzamivi Chekhiya va qismi Slovakiyaro harakati revolyusionii Gusiti faro girift, ki dar rafti on robitahoi zaboni va madanii chekhho va slovakho mustahkam gardid. S. 1526 Chekhiya va az       s-hoi 50-umi a. 16 qismi ziyodi Slovakiya (az okh. a. 17 tamomi Slovakiya) ba zeri hokimiyati Gabsburgho guzashtand. Az okh. a. 18 harakati millii ozodikhohii khalqhoi chekhu slovak vusat yoft va on dar nimai duyumi a. 19 purzur gardid. Badi s-hoi 70 a. 19 harakati korgari cap zad. Barobari parokanda shudani davlati Avstriyayu Vengriya chekhho va slovakho respublikai Chekhoslovakiyaro tashkil namudand (14 noyab. 1918, nakhustin prezidentash T. Masarik). Muborizai revolyusionii khalqi Chekhoslovakiyaro PK Chekhoslovakiya (PKCh), ki s. 1921 tasis yofta bud, sarvari namud. Okt. 1938— marti 1939 bo yorii davlathoi garb (sozishnomai Myunkhen, 1939) khoki Chekhoslovakiyaro Germaniyai fashisti, Polshai burjuaziyu pomeshiki va Vengriyai khortisti zabt karda, bayni khud taqsim namudand. Harakati muqobilatro bar ziddi istilogaroni fashisti PKCh  (okt. 1938) rohbari namud. Shurishi millii Slovakiya (1944) ba revolyusiyai millii demokratii Chekhoslovakiya ibtido guzosht. Programmae, ki PKCh dar sh. Koshise tartib doda bud, programmai avvalin hukumati (tasisash 4 apr. 1945) Fronti millii chekhho va slovakho ba hisob meraft. In programma vazifahoi purra ba itmom rasonidani muborizai millii ozo-dikhohi va prinsiphoi sokhtmoni davlati khalqiyu demokratiro muayyan kard. To mai s. 1945 Armiyai Soveti Slovakiyaro az fashiston ozod namud.

9 mai 1945 Armiyai Soveti Shurishi khalqii s. 1945-ro dar khoki Chekhiya dastgiri karda, sh. Pragaro az fashiston ozod namud. Sarzamini Chekh va Slovakiya dar doirai respublikai khalqi muttahid shud. Mohi fevr. 1948 burjuaziya kushish namud, ki bo yori va dastgirii doirahoi imperialistii Garb sokhti demokratiyai khalqiro barham dihad, vale sokhti demokratiyai khalqiro sinfi korgar bo rohbarii PKCh himoya namud. 9 may 1948 Kontyatusiyai navi mamlakat qabul gardid, ki on muzaffariyathoi revolyusionii mehnatkashonro mustahkam namud va baroi inkishofi davlati sosialisti maqsad guzosht; Chekhoslavakiya respublikai demokratii khalqi elon shud, K. Gotvald (raisi PKCh) prezident intikhob gardid. Mai 1949 PKCh programmai sokhtmoni sosializmro rohi asosii partiya elon kard. Chekhoslavakiya az s. 1949 azoi SEV va az s. 1955 ishtirokchii shartnomai Varshava meboshad. Konstitusiyai nav (11 iyuli 1960 qabul shudaast) qonunan galabai sosializmro dar Chekhoslavakiya tasdiq kard va muofiqi on mamlakat respublikai Sosialistii Chekhoslovakiya nom girift. Avg. 1968 mamlakathoi sosialisti (SSSR, RKhB, RKhV, RDG, RKhP) ba khalqi Chekhoslovakiya dar himoyan muzaffariyathoi sosializm az amaliyoti revizionistoni rost va quvvai ziddisosialisti, ki az tarafi doirai imperialistoni Garb dastgiri meshudand, yori rasondand. Az 1 yanv. 1969 RSChS respublikai federativni du khalqi barobarhuquq — chekhho va slovakho (prezidentash L. Svoboda, 1968—75; G. Gusak az 1975, kotibi generalii KM PKCh) meboshad. Chekhoslavakiya bo —SSSR az s. 1934 .aloqai diplomati dorad.

Chekhoslavakiya mamlakati mutaraqqii industriyavist. Dar daromadi milli sahmi sanoat 61%, kh. q. va khojagin jangal 8,4% (1979). Dar sanoat 48%, dar kh. q. 15% aholii qobili mehnat band ast. Qarib 97% daromadi milliro sektori davlati medihad, 33% mahsuloti umumii sanoatro sohahoi moshinsoziyu korkardi metall (tajhizoti energetiki va sanoat, vositahoi naqliyot, dastgoh), 14%-ashrr sanoati khurokvori, 11%-ashro metallurgiyai siyoh va ranga, 8%-ashro sanoati khimiya istehsol mekunad. Sanoati bofandagi, duzandagi, charmu poyafzol, shishayu chini, chubgari, istehsoli mahsuloti binokori niz rivoj yoftaast. S. 1985 dar Chekhoslavakiya 26,2 mln t angishtsang, 100,4 mln t angishti bur, 80,6 mlrd kVt-s energiyai elektr, 15,0 mln t pulod istehsol karda shud. Besh az 90% zamini kh. q. dar sektori sosialisti meboshad. X. q. ba darajai baland intensivonida shudaast. Dar mahsuloti umumii kh. q. sahmi chorvodori va dehqoni qarib ba hamdigar barobarand. Qarib 40% zaminho baroi ziroat istifoda meshavad. Ba 1/2 hissai maydoni zaminho galladona (6,08 mln t gandum va 3,52 mln t jav gundoshtaand, 1985) kisht mekunand, inchunin lablabui qand, kartoshka, rozak, ziroati khuroki chorvo va g. mekorand. S. 1986 dar Chekhoslavakiya 5,07 mln cap gov, 6,7 mln cap khuk parvarish mekardand. Murgparvari ham rivoj yoftaast. Tuli r.o 13,1 haz. km, rohhoi avtomobilgard 73 haz. km . Az hududi Chekhoslavakiya neftoprovodi «Drujba»meguzarad.

Chekhoslavakiya ba khorija harguna moshinho, tajhizoti sanoat, masnuoti sanoati sabuk, shisha mebarorad. Ziyoda az 70% savdoi khoriji ba mamlakathoi sosialisti (az jumla 1/3 hissaash ba SSSR) rost meoyad. S. 1985 ba Chekhoslavakiya 16,5 mln naf. sayyohi khoriji omad. Vohidi pul — kronai Chekhoslovakiya.