BOTANIKA

BOTANIKA (yunoni botane – sabza, giyoh, rustani), majmui ilmho dar borai nabotot. Sokht, afzoish, inkishof, gustarish va taoavvulu tasnifi rustanihoro meomuzad. Morfologiya, anatomiya, sitologiya, gistologiya, embrio­logiya, fiziologiya, ekologiya, geobotanika, geografiya, pa­leobotanika, sistematika va biokhimiyai rustanihoro dar bar megirad. Ba ilmhoi zerin judo meshavad: algologiya, mikologiya, likhnologiya, briologiya, mikrobiologiya, fi­topatologiya va gayra; bo bisyor ilmhoi tabiatshinosi, az jumla fizika, kimiyo, kibernetika, geologiya, geografiya, tib aloqai nogusastani dorad.

Avvalin malumot oid ba rustaniho az navishtajoti khattii Misri Qadim barmeoyand. Botanika hamchun ilm dar asarhoi faylasufi Yunoni Qadim Arastu niz zikr shu­daast. Shogirdi Arastu – Teofrast dar kitobi «Tahqiqot dar borai rustaniho» oid ba Botanika malumoti mufassalu jolib ovarda, baze masalahoi Botanika (masalan, tarzi gizogiri, sabzish va afzoishi rustani, umumiyat na tafovuti bayni rustani va hayvonot)-ro sharh medihad va bori avval rustaniooro ba darakht, butta, giyoh, alafooro ba yaksola, dusola va bisyorsola judo mekunad.

Dar acrhoi miyona inkishofi Botanika misli ilmhoi digar, sust shud. Taraqqiyoti Botanika okhiri asri 15 khele surat girift. Dar asri 16 oid ba rustaniho (khususan gunogunii onho) malumoti farovon jam omad. Soli 1590 mikro­skop ikhtiro shud, ki baroi tahqiqi sokhti dokhilii rus­taniho imkon faroham ovard. Soli 1665 R. Guk hujayraro kashf namud. Solhoi 1675-1679 asari olimi itoliyoi Malpigi «Anatomiyai rustani», soli 1682 bo hamin unvon kitobi olimi anglis Gryu az chop baromadand.

Dar tasnifi rustaniho tabiatshinosi shved K. Linney sahmi arzanda guzoshtaast. U rustanihoro ba 24 sinf judo va baroi onho nomguzorii duchandaro peshnihod na­mud. Dar jarayoni rushdi Botanika boghoi botaniki bunyod gashtand. Avvalin bogi botaniki dar Itoliyo (1309) tasis yoft. Dar on rustanihoi doruiyu khushbuy parvarish va omukhta meshudand. Boghoi digar dar Venetsiya (1333), Maskav (1707), Yalta (1812) bunyod gardidand. Dar peshrafti Botanika sahmi olimoni faronsavi M. Adanson va A. Jyuse niz buzurg ast. Onho rustanihoro az ruyi alomathoi gul, meva va tukhm muttahid namuda, «Tasnifoti tabii»-ro ba vujud ovardand. Shoir va tabiatshinosi olmoni I. V. Hyote bo talimoti khud oid ba metamorfoz (1790) ba ilmi morfologiyai rustaniho asos guzosht. Dar bobati oshkor namudan va paydoishi rustaniho sahmi J. B. Lamark va Ch. Darvin khele buzurg ast. Dar okhiri asri 19 va avvali asri 20 olimoni rus I. N. Goroekanin, M. S. Voronin, V. I. Palladin, S. V. Navashin oid ba Botanika yak silsila pajuhishi jolib anjom dodand. Dar rivoju ravnaqi badii Botanika sahmi K. A. Timiryazev, I. V. Michurin, I. V. Vavilov va digaron niz nazarras ast.

Dar dunyo ziyoda az 500 hazor namudi rustani vujud do­rad, ki ba du guruh judo meshavand: avtotrofi – rustanihoe, ki az moddahoi gayriorganiki moddahoi organiki tayyor mekunand (masalan, rustanihoi sabz, ki az se du hissai olami nabototro tashkil medihand) va geterotrofi – rustanihoe, ki gizoyashon moddahoi organikii tayyor ast (masalan, zanburugho, bakteriyaho va gayra).

Tahqiqoti botaniki dar Tojikiston tarikhi qadimi dorad. Khususiyathoi baze rustaniho (masalan, khoma, mekhak, sadbarg) dar kitobi Avesto zikr yoftaand. Abuhanifai Dinovari dar «Kitob fi-n-nabot» nom asari khud (sol­hoi 850-855 ba zaboni forsi-tojiki talif yoftaast) roje ba daryoftu parvarishi 482 navi rustani malu­moti mufassal dodaast. Dar kitob ziyoda az 50 namudi rustanihoe qayd shudaand, ki ba nabototshinosoni Yunoni Qadim malum nabudand (masalan, tamri hindi, tanbul, dafna va gayra). Zakariyoi Rozi dar «al-Hovi» bisyor rus­tanihoi shifobakhshi zamoni khudro qayd kardaast. «Komilu-s-sinoat»-i Ali ibni Abbosi Majusii Ahvozi (vafot 994) va «al-Mia-fi-sinoatu-t-tibbiya»-i Abusahli Masehii Jurjoni (yake az ustodoni Abualii Sino) niz oid ba bisyor namudhoi rustani malumoti mufid do­rand. Abumansur Muvaffaqi Hiravi dar «Kitobu-l-abniya an haqoiqi-l-adviya» (soli talifash 977 milod) taqriban 500 namudi rustanihoro sharh dodaast.

Dar peshrafti ilmi Botanikai tojik «Kitobu-s-sa             ydana fi-t-tib»-i Aburayhoni Beruni ahammiyati buzurg doshta, muallifi on dar daqiqu vozeh namudani nomi rustaniho kori buzurgero ba anjom rasondaast. Yane, dar khususi 750 namudi rustani malumot doda, nomi har yakashonro ba zabonhoi gunogun qayd kardaast. Masalan, dar mavridi sharhi «butm» nom rustani qayd mekunad, ki «…arabho onro butmah khonand, rumiho oququs va yo tarosonus, suryoniho butmo, ba zaboni forsi kinbahn va ahli Khuroson khinjak, sijziho (mardumi Sijiston) kinbashak va ahli Nishopuru Qoin nankish va ahli Mukronu Qazdor gulangur khonand…».

«Al-Qonun fi-t-tib»-i tabib va donishmaidi buzurgi tojik Abualii Sino dar borai kulli rustanihoi shifobakhsh, ki to zamoni u malum budand, malumot medihad. Shaykhurrais dar in kitob ziyoda az 1000 namudi rustaniro tavsif kardaast, ki taqriban 200 namudi onho dar hududi hozirai Tojikiston mesabzand (masalan, tarkhun, hazorjushon, zafaron, kavar, savrinjon, shavkaron, savsan, karafs, hulba va gayra). Shohasari Abuibrohim Ismoili Jurjoni «Zakhirai Khorazmshohi», inchunin «Ikhtiyoroti ba­dei», «Tibbi Yusufi», «Tibbi Akbari», «Dasturu-l-iloj», «Kifoyai Mansuri» va gayra doir ba rustaniho ma­lumoti farovon dorand.

Dar jumhuri pajuhishhoi botaniki, asosan badi dar nazdi Bazai tojikistoni AI IJShS tasis yoftani shubai botanika (1932) rivoj yoftand. Guruhi geobotanikho, ki ba omuzishi nabototi Tojikistoni Markazi mashgul budand, kharitahoi geobotaniki tartib dodand. Bo tashabbusi V. A. Komarov Stansiyai botanikii kuhii Varzob (1935) tasis yoft, ki masalai bunyodi boghoi lalmi (dar qatorkuhhoi Hisor) mavzui tahqiqash qaror girift. Soli 1938 Stansiyai biologii Pomir ba ikhtiyori Bazai tojikistonii AI IJShS guzashta, dar on oid ba fiziologiya, morfologiya va biokhimiyai rustani pajuhishhoi muhim anjom doda shudand. Soli 1940 Bogi botanikii Pomir bunyod gashta, kormandoni on dar bobati omukhtani rusta­nihoi mahalli va ba sharoiti VMKB mutobiq gardonidani rustanihoi mavzehoi digar sahmi arzanda guzoshtand. Chunin boghoi botaniki minbad dar Khujand, Ku­lob va gayra niz tasis yoftand. Soli 1941 shubai botanikai Bazai tojikistonii AI IJShS ba Instituti botanikai AI JShS Tojikiston (hozira Instituti botanika, fiziolo­giya va biofizikai rustani) tabdil doda shud. Olimoni Instituti botanika oid ba nabotot va ziroati khuroki chorvo dar Rangon, Polvontugay, Qubodiyon, Shahriston, Anzob va gayra tahqiqot anjom dodand. Dar Instituti mazkur ziyoda az 130 hazor namudi rustanii guldor, qarib 40 hazor namud rustanii sporadori Osiyoi Markazi jamovari (gerbariya) karda shudaand. Dar rushdi Botanika dar jumhuri P. N. Ovchinni­kov, Yu. S. Nosirov, X. H. Karimov, M. R. Rasulova, V. I. Zapryagaeva, X. Yusufbekov, M. Ismoilov va digar sahmi arzanda guzoshtand. Olimoni jumhuri oid ba omuzishi olami nabototi olitashakkul va darajai past, ekologiya, jugrofiya va fitografiyai rustani, sabzkori, jangaldori, behtar namudani zakhirai khuroki chorvo, omuzishi rus­tanihoi dorui, biokhimiyai rustaniho va gayra tahqiqot meku­nand. Bo sayu kushishi onho kitobi «Flora Tadjiksoy SSR» (iborat az 10 jild) ba tab rasida, tahqiqoti ilmi dar kafedrahoi botanikai DMT, DDOD, DAT, Donishgohi davlatii Khujand bosamar idoma dorand. Dar boghoi bota­nikii jumhuri rustanihoi gunogun parvarish meyoband. Maqolahoi ilmii botaniki dar «Maruzahoi AI Chumhurii Tojikiston», «Akhboroti AI Jumhurii Tojikis­ton» va digar nashriyaho muttasil chop meshavand.

Adabiyot: Bazilevskaya N. A., Belokon I. P., Sherbakova A. A. Kratkaya istoriya botaniki. Moskva,  1968; Ovchinnikov P. I., Yunusov S. Yu. Ne­kotorie problemi botaniki. Nauka Sovetskogo Tadjikistana. Dushanbe, 1974; Jizn rasteniy. T 1-6. №, 1974-1982; Khrjanovskiy V. G. Kurs obshey botaniki. J 1-2. Moskva. 1982; Jukovskiy P. M. Botanika. Moskva,  1982; Muvaffaq Abumansur. Giyohnoma. Dushanbe, 1992; Gafurova M. X., Bobojonov V. A., Jumaev K. U. Botanika. Dushanbe, 2009.

A. Toshev.